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Unit 5 study guie Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 key aspects of animal body plans?

A

symmetry, segmentation, and limb disposition.

Key aspects that define the structural organization of animal bodies.

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2
Q

What types of symmetry are there?

A

Radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry, asymmetry.

Types of symmetry that describe how body parts are arranged.

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3
Q

What are some reasons for body shapes/sizes and their influence on metabolism?

A

Surface area to volume ratio, heat exchange, resource availability.

Body shapes and sizes can affect how organisms metabolize energy and maintain homeostasis.

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4
Q

What is the evolutionary history of tissues?

A

Tissues evolved from simple cell layers to complex structures allowing specialization.

Tissues represent a major evolutionary advancement in multicellular organisms.

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5
Q

What is bioenergetics?

A

Study of energy flow through living systems.

Focuses on the principles of energy transformation and usage in biological processes.

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6
Q

What are the 4 main types of animal tissues?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous.

Each type of tissue has distinct structures and functions in the body.

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7
Q

Where do you find epithelial tissues, and how are they organized?

A

Covering body surfaces, lining cavities, organized in sheets.

Epithelial tissues serve protective, absorptive, and secretory functions.

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8
Q

What are connective tissues and the characteristics of each type?

A

Types include loose connective, dense connective, adipose, blood, bone, cartilage.

Connective tissues support, bind, and protect other tissues and organs.

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9
Q

What are muscle tissues and the characteristics of each type?

A

Types include skeletal, cardiac, smooth.

Muscle tissues are responsible for movement and contraction.

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10
Q

What is nervous tissue?

A

Tissue that makes up the nervous system, composed of neurons and glial cells.

Responsible for transmitting signals and processing information.

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11
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of stable internal conditions in an organism.

Essential for survival; involves feedback mechanisms.

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12
Q

What different food sources can animals use?

A

Plants, other animals, fungi, detritus.

Animals may be herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, or detritivores.

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13
Q

What different kinds of digestive systems are there in the animal kingdom?

A

Complete digestive system, incomplete digestive system.

Different systems reflect evolutionary adaptations to feeding strategies.

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14
Q

What different types of vertebrate digestive systems are there?

A

Monogastric, ruminant, hindgut fermenters, avian.

These systems reflect dietary needs and adaptations.

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15
Q

How does dentition differ between modes of nutrition?

A

Shape and size of teeth vary according to diet.

Herbivores:
Incisors: Typically sharp and chisel-like, used for snipping and tearing plant material.
Canines: Often small or absent, as they don’t play a significant role in plant consumption.
Premolars and Molars: Broad, flat, and ridged, designed for grinding plant matter.

Carnivores:
Incisors: Smaller than herbivores, used primarily for gripping and tearing meat.
Canines: Large, pointed, and often curved, used for seizing and holding prey.
Premolars and Molars: Often serrated or sharp, with some having cusps for shearing meat.

Omnivores:
Incisors: Used for cutting and biting both plants and meat.
Canines: Smaller than carnivores, still used for tearing meat, but less specialized.
Premolars and Molars: A mix of sharp and flat surfaces, allowing for both grinding and tearing of food.

Teeth are adapted for processing specific types of food.

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16
Q

What are the human digestive tract organs and accessory organs?

A

Organs: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine. Accessory: liver, pancreas, gallbladder.

Each organ plays a specific role in digestion and absorption.

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17
Q

What are the roles of each of the organs and accessory organs in the human body?

A

Mouth (ingestion), stomach (digestion), intestines (absorption), liver (metabolism), pancreas (enzyme production).

Each organ contributes to the overall process of digestion.

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18
Q

What are the major sources of nutrition in our diet and what are they used for?

A

Carbohydrates (energy), proteins (growth and repair), fats (energy storage), vitamins and minerals (various functions).

Nutrients are essential for maintaining health and supporting bodily functions.

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19
Q

What is the importance of vitamins and minerals in a diet?

A

Essential for various biochemical processes and maintaining health.

Deficiencies can lead to health problems.

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20
Q

What is the evolutionary history of the nervous system?

A

Evolved from simple nerve nets to complex brains and spinal cords.

Reflects increasing complexity in behavior and environmental interaction.

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21
Q

What are the divisions of the human nervous system?

A

Central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).

Each division has distinct roles in processing and transmitting information.

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22
Q

What are the types of cells in the nervous system?

A

Neurons and glial cells.

Neurons transmit signals; glial cells support and protect neurons.

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23
Q

How do nerve cells communicate/send signals?

A

Through electrical impulses and neurotransmitter release at synapses.

This communication is crucial for reflexes and brain function.

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24
Q

What are neurotransmitters and how do they work with synapses?

A

Chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses between neurons.

They play a key role in neural communication.

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25
What are the parts of the Central Nervous System?
Brain and spinal cord. ## Footnote The CNS processes information and coordinates responses.
26
What are the parts of the brain?
Cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem. ## Footnote Each part has specialized functions in processing sensory information and controlling movements.
27
What is the peripheral nervous system?
Nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body. ## Footnote It includes sensory and motor pathways.
28
How does drug abuse affect the body?
Disrupts normal neurotransmitter function and can lead to addiction. ## Footnote Drug abuse can have severe physiological and psychological impacts.
29
How do neurodegenerative diseases affect the body?
Cause progressive loss of structure/function of neurons. ## Footnote Examples include Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.
30
What are the types of sensation?
Touch, taste, smell, sight, hearing. ## Footnote Each type corresponds to different sensory organs and receptors.
31
How does Sensory Transduction work?
Conversion of sensory stimuli into electrical signals in the nervous system. ## Footnote This process is essential for perception.
32
What is sensory perception?
The process of interpreting sensory information. ## Footnote Involves the brain's processing of signals from sensory organs.
33
What are the types of sensations detected by the skin?
Pressure, temperature, pain, vibration. ## Footnote Skin receptors respond to various stimuli, providing important environmental information.
34
How do the senses of taste and smell work?
Taste involves taste buds detecting chemicals; smell involves olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity. ## Footnote Both senses are closely linked and contribute to flavor perception.
35
What are the parts of the ear and how does the sense of hearing work?
Outer ear, middle ear, inner ear; sound waves are converted to electrical signals. ## Footnote The inner ear contains hair cells that transduce sound vibrations.
36
What are the parts of the eye and how does it work?
Cornea, lens, retina; light is focused onto the retina and converted into electrical signals. ## Footnote The retina contains photoreceptors that detect light.
37
What are hormones?
Chemical messengers produced by glands that regulate physiological processes. ## Footnote Hormones influence growth, metabolism, and mood.
38
What are the different types of hormones?
Peptide hormones, steroid hormones, amino acid-derived hormones. ## Footnote Each type has distinct mechanisms of action and effects.
39
What are the differences between the nervous system and the endocrine system?
Nervous system uses electrical signals for rapid communication; endocrine system uses hormones for slower, longer-lasting effects. ## Footnote Both systems are crucial for regulating bodily functions.
40
How do hormones work intracellularly and on the cell surface?
Intracellular hormones bind to receptors inside the cell; surface hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane. ## Footnote This distinction affects how hormones exert their effects.
41
What are the different endocrine organs and the hormones they release?
Pituitary (growth hormone), thyroid (thyroxine), adrenal (cortisol), pancreas (insulin). ## Footnote Each organ produces specific hormones that regulate various bodily functions.
42
What is the function of the musculoskeletal system?
Supports the body, facilitates movement, protects organs. ## Footnote It consists of bones, muscles, and connective tissues.
43
What are the different types of skeletal systems?
Hydrostatic, exoskeleton, endoskeleton. ## Footnote Each type provides structural support and protection.
44
What are the major parts of the human skeletal system?
Axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, rib cage) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and girdles). ## Footnote Each part has specific roles in movement and protection.
45
What are the different forms of bones?
Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones. ## Footnote The form of bones relates to their function and location.
46
What is compact bone and spongy bone?
Compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer; spongy bone is lighter and found in the interior. ## Footnote Both types contribute to bone strength and structure.
47
How does ossification occur?
Process of bone formation from cartilage or fibrous tissue. ## Footnote Ossification is essential for growth and healing.
48
What are the different types of joints?
Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial. ## Footnote Each type allows for different ranges of motion.
49
What are the parts of muscle tissue?
Muscle fibers, myofibrils, sarcomeres. ## Footnote These structures are crucial for muscle contraction.
50
How does muscle contract?
Through the sliding filament theory, where actin and myosin filaments slide past each other. ## Footnote This process is initiated by neural signals.
51
What is the function of the respiratory system?
Facilitates gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the body and environment. ## Footnote Essential for cellular respiration.
52
How do vertebrates exchange gases?
Through lungs or gills, depending on the species. ## Footnote The method of gas exchange is adapted to the animal's environment.
53
How do gills work?
Extract oxygen from water as it flows over gill membranes. ## Footnote Gills are specialized for aquatic respiration.
54
How do lungs work?
Air is inhaled into alveoli, where oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide in the blood. ## Footnote Lungs are essential for terrestrial respiration.
55
What effect does air pressure play in gas exchange?
Gas exchange depends on pressure gradients; gases move from high to low pressure areas. ## Footnote Changes in air pressure can affect breathing efficiency.
56
How do bird and mammal lungs differ?
Bird lungs have a unidirectional airflow system; mammal lungs have bidirectional airflow. ## Footnote This adaptation allows for more efficient gas exchange in birds.
57
What is the basic lung structure and function?
Composed of bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli; facilitates gas exchange. ## Footnote The alveoli are the primary sites for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.
58
What is hemoglobin and how does it work?
A protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen for transport. ## Footnote Hemoglobin's structure allows it to efficiently pick up and release oxygen.
59
How is CO2 transported in the blood?
As bicarbonate ions, dissolved in plasma, and bound to hemoglobin. ## Footnote CO2 transport is crucial for maintaining blood pH.
60
What are some common lung diseases?
Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia. ## Footnote These diseases can significantly impact respiratory function.
61
What type of circulatory systems do invertebrates have?
Open circulatory system or closed circulatory system. ## Footnote The type of system varies by species and affects how blood is circulated.
62
What are the variations of the vertebrate system?
Single circuit (fish) or double circuit (amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals). ## Footnote The double circuit system is more efficient for oxygen delivery.
63
What are the components of blood?
Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma. ## Footnote Each component plays a distinct role in circulation and immunity.
64
What are the characteristics of blood vessels?
Arteries (thick-walled, carry blood away), veins (thinner-walled, carry blood to heart), capillaries (thin-walled, site of exchange). ## Footnote The structure of blood vessels is adapted to their functions.
65
What is the purpose of the lymphatic system?
Maintains fluid balance, absorbs fats, and supports immune function. ## Footnote The lymphatic system works closely with the circulatory system.
66
What is the structure of the mammalian heart?
Four chambers: right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle. ## Footnote The structure allows for efficient separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
67
How does the cardiac cycle work?
Consists of diastole (heart relaxation) and systole (heart contraction). ## Footnote The cardiac cycle regulates blood flow through the heart and body.
68
What are common heart diseases?
Coronary artery disease, heart failure, arrhythmias. ## Footnote These conditions can significantly affect cardiovascular health.
69
What is blood pressure?
The force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. ## Footnote Blood pressure is a critical measure of cardiovascular health.
70
What is osmoregulation, and what is regulated?
The process of maintaining water and solute balance in the body. ## Footnote Osmoregulation is crucial for homeostasis.
71
What is the difference between osmoregulatory vs osmoconformers?
Osmoregulators actively control internal osmolarity; osmoconformers match their internal osmolarity to the environment. ## Footnote This distinction affects how organisms cope with environmental changes.
72
How are body fluids regulated?
Through mechanisms involving kidneys, hormones, and cellular transport. ## Footnote Regulation is essential for maintaining physiological balance.
73
What are the parts and purpose of the urinary system?
Kidneys (filtration), ureters (transport), bladder (storage), urethra (excretion). ## Footnote The urinary system plays a key role in waste elimination and fluid balance.
74
How do excretory systems differ between different types of organisms?
Varies from simple diffusion in single-celled organisms to complex kidneys in mammals. ## Footnote Adaptations reflect the organism's habitat and needs.
75
How is nitrogenous waste handled in different organisms?
Excreted as ammonia (aquatic), urea (mammals), uric acid (birds/reptiles). ## Footnote The form of nitrogenous waste is linked to water availability.
76
How do hormones affect osmoregulation?
Hormones like aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone regulate water and salt balance. ## Footnote Hormonal control is essential for maintaining homeostasis.
77
What is the purpose of the immune system?
To protect the body from pathogens and disease. ## Footnote The immune system involves both innate and adaptive responses.
78
What types of immune systems are there?
Innate immune system and adaptive immune system. ## Footnote Each type has different mechanisms and response times.
79
What are the parts of the innate immune system?
Physical barriers, phagocytic cells, inflammatory response, complement system. ## Footnote The innate immune system provides immediate defense against pathogens.
80
What are the parts of the adaptive immune system?
T cells, B cells, antibodies, memory cells. ## Footnote The adaptive immune system provides a targeted response to specific pathogens.
81
How does the lymphatic system tie into the immune system?
Transports lymph containing immune cells and helps filter pathogens. ## Footnote The lymphatic system is crucial for immune surveillance.
82
What is an adaptive immune response?
A specific response that develops over time upon exposure to a pathogen. ## Footnote This response results in lasting immunity.
83
What are antibodies?
Proteins produced by B cells that bind to specific antigens. ## Footnote Antibodies play a key role in neutralizing pathogens.
84
What can go wrong with the immune system?
Autoimmune diseases, allergies, immunodeficiency disorders. ## Footnote Dysfunctions can lead to increased susceptibility to infections.
85
What are the different types of reproduction?
Asexual and sexual reproduction. ## Footnote Each type has distinct mechanisms and advantages.
86
How do invertebrates and vertebrates differ reproductively?
Invertebrates often reproduce asexually or via external fertilization; vertebrates typically use internal fertilization and have more complex reproductive systems. ## Footnote These differences reflect adaptations to their environments.
87
What are the parts of the male reproductive system?
Testes, vas deferens, prostate gland, penis. ## Footnote Each part has a role in sperm production and delivery.
88
What are the parts of the female reproductive system?
Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina. ## Footnote Each part is involved in egg production, fertilization, and gestation.
89
How do hormones regulate both male and female reproductive cycles?
Hormones like estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone control reproductive functions and cycles. ## Footnote Hormonal balance is crucial for fertility and reproductive health.
90
What are the parts of pregnancy?
Embryo development, placenta formation, gestation period. ## Footnote Each stage is vital for successful reproduction and fetal development.
91
What is infertility?
Inability to conceive after one year of unprotected intercourse. ## Footnote Infertility can be due to various factors affecting either partner.
92
What is the relationship between BMR and body size? Why?
BMR increases with body size due to more cells needing energy.
93
Name two components of the digestive system that perform mechanical digestion. Describe how mechanical digestion contributes to acquiring nutrients from food.
Teeth (chewing) and stomach (churning). It increases surface area for nutrient absorption.
94
How does myelin aid propagation of an action potential along an axon? How do the nodes of Ranvier help this process?
Myelin speeds up action potential by allowing it to jump between nodes of Ranvier.
95
How would a rise in altitude likely affect the speed of a sound transmitted through air? Why?
Sound speed decreases at higher altitude due to lower air pressure and density.
96
Name and describe a function of one hormone produced by the anterior pituitary and one hormone produced by the posterior pituitary.
Anterior Pituitary: Growth hormone (GH) promotes growth. Posterior Pituitary: Oxytocin induces uterine contractions.
97
How would muscle contractions be affected if ATP was completely depleted in a muscle fiber?
Muscle fibers remain contracted (rigor state) and can't relax.

Bio 112 (1 decks)

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