Unit 5 States Of Consciousness

Question 1

Circadian rhythm

Answer 1

The biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle.

Question 2

REM sleep

Answer 2

Rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.

Question 3

Alpha waves

Answer 3

The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

Question 4

Sleep

Answer 4

Periodic, natural loss of consciousness – as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation.

Question 5

Hallucinations

Answer 5

False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of external visual stimulus.

Question 6

Delta waves

Answer 6

The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.

Question 7

NREM sleep

Answer 7

Non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep.

Question 8

Consciousness

Answer 8

Our awareness of ourselves and our environment.

Question 9

Insomnia

Answer 9

Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.

Question 10

Narcolepsy

Answer 10

A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.

Question 11

Sleep apnea

Answer 11

A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.

Question 12

Night terrors

Answer 12

A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during stage 4 sleep, within two to three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.

Question 13

Dream

Answer 13

A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer’s delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it.

Question 14

Manifest content

Answer 14

According to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content.

Question 15

Latent content

Answer 15

According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct fro. its manifest content).

Question 16

REM rebound

Answer 16

The tendency for REM sleepto increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep).

Question 17

Hypnosis

Answer 17

A social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.

Question 18

Posthypnotic suggestion

Answer 18

A suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms and behaviors.

Question 19

Dissociation

Answer 19

A split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultsneously with others.

Question 20

Psychoactive drug

Answer 20

A chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods.

Question 21

Tolerance

Answer 21

The diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect.

Question 22

Withdrawal

Answer 22

The discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing tge use of an addictive drug.

Question 23

Physical depenence

Answer 23

A physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when tge drug is discontinued.

Question 24

Psychological dependence

Answer 24

A psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions.

Question 25

Addiction

Answer 25

Compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences.

Question 26

Depressants

Answer 26

Drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.

Question 27

Barbiturates

Answer 27

Drugs that depress the activity of the nervous system, reducing anxiety but imparing memory and judgement.

Question 28

Opiates

Answer 28

Opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.

Question 29

Stimulants

Answer 29

Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.

Question 30

Amphetamines

Answer 30

Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes.

Question 31

Methamphetamine

Answer 31

A powerfully addictive drug that stimulated the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels.

Question 32

Ecstasy

Answer 32

A synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.

Question 33

Hallucinogens

Answer 33

Psychedelics (“mind-manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory imaged in the absence of sensory input.

Question 34

LSD

Answer 34

A powerful hallucinogenic drug; als known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide).

Question 35

Near-death experience

Answer 35

An altered state of consciousness reported after a close beush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug induced hallucinations.

Question 36

THC

Answer 36

The major active ingrediant in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.