Unit 5: Solutions and Solubility Flashcards
Define - solution, solvent, solute
Solution: a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
- Solution can be composed of liquids, solids, or gases
Solvent: the main component of a solution in which the solute is dissolved
Solute: a substance that is dissolved in a solvent
Define - solubility
Solubility: a measure of the maximum quantity of a substance that can dissolve in a given quantity of solvent at a specific temperature
- Unsatured, saturated, supersaturated
Factors in solubility
- Nature of the reactants
- Temperature
- Catalyst
- Surface area
Properties of acids
- Conductive
- Wet
- Sour
- Red
Properties of bases
- Bitter
- Conductive
- Slippery
- Soapy
Arrhenius theory; define acid/base
Acid: a substance that dissociates in water to produce one or more H3O+s
Base: a substance that dissociates in water to produce one or more OH-s
- Limitations of this theory include the inability to explain the basic properties of water, as well as how solvent is the only valid solvent
Define - conjugate acid/base
Conjugate acid: the particle that results when the base receives the proton from the acid
Conjugate base: the particle that remains when a proton is removed from the acid
Define - amphiprotic, amphoteric
Amphiprotic: ability for a molecule to donate and accept proton
Amphoteric: compound can react both as a base and as an acid
Strong acids
Strong acid: an acid that ionizes completely into ions in water
- HCL, HBr, HNO3, HClO4, HI, and H2SO4
- The concentration of hydronium ions in a dilute solution of a strong acid is equal to the concentration of the acid
Ex. 1.0 mol/L solution of hydrochloric acid contains 1.0 mol/L of hydronium ions
Strong bases
Ex. NaOH, KOH, Mg(OH)2 all dissociate to 100%
“Lily can’t kill cats but she runs”
Weak acids
Weak acid: acid that ionizes very slightly in a water solution
- The concentration of hydronium ions in a solution of a weak acid is always less than the concentration of the dissolved acid
Ex. on average, only 1% of the acetic acid molecules dissociate at any given moment in a 0.1 mol/L solution
- A reversible chemical equation always involves a weak acid
Define - equilibrium
Equilibrium: no reactant or product side
Define - polyprotic acid
Polyprotic acid: a substance capable of donating more than one proton
- The acid formed by the first dissociation is stronger than the acid formed by the second dissociation; each dissociation requires more energy than the previous
- Ex. diprotic, triprotic
