Unit 5: Revolutions from 1750-1900 Flashcards
What was the Industrial Revolution?
The Industrial Revolution was a period of time that caused manufacturing to skyrocket. New technology created a more efficient and faster way of life.
What were nation states?
Nation states became more common after the 1800s and were countries in which everyone shared the same culture. Breaking empires and combining kingdoms to create nation-states frequently led to war.
Why did massive human migrations occur?
They occured becayse of the increase in labor demand and millions were in need for work. For example, many Europeans settled in the Americas and Australia. Asians were forced to become slaves and taken to the Americas.
What was the Enlightenment?
purposes & significance, ideas of individualism, challenges
The Englightentment led to many revolutions and reforms in the world.
Reason over tradition and individualism over community values. The ideals of this movement challenged monarchs and church leaders.
What was the school of thought?
New ideas emerged on how to imporve society. Schools of thought inclduing socialism and liberalism arose, begining “the age of isms”.
What led to the many revolutions that would occur during the Industrial Revolution?
The disagreement between new ideas and old political structures led to revolutions. The 2 main goals of these revolutions were
- independence from imperial powers
- constitutional representation
Empires often broke apart and new forms of government emerged.
What was nationalism?
;a feeling of intense loyalty to other who share one’s language and culture
Empires often broke apart and new forms of government emerged. These empires/govs developed with nationalism in the center.
What did Francis Bacon emphasize in the 17th century?
Bacon emphasized empirical methods of scientific inquiry. He based his conclusions on his observation of natural data rather than rely on reasoning abt principles provided by tradtion/religion.
What was empiricism?
Empiricism is the belief that knowledge comes from sensed experiences (from what you observe).
What were philisophes?
Philisopes were a new group of thinkers and writers who explored social, political, and economic theories in new ways.
Thomas Hobbes & John Locke
philisophes
Both of these philisophes viewed political life as the result of a social contract. By agreeing to a social contract, some rights were given up to a strong central gov. in return for law and order.
Hobbes argued that people’s natural state was to live in a world where life was ugly and short.
Lockes argued that the social contract implied the right, even the responsibility of citizens to revolt against unjust gov.
Baron Montesquieu
another philisophe
Baron’s work praised the British gov’s use of checks on power because it had a Parliament. He then inspired the American system by separating the 3 branches.
Francois-Marie Arouet (Voltaire)
another philisophe
Voltaire was famous for his wit and advocacy of civil liberties. He lived in England long enough to develop an appreciation for its constitutional monarchy and a regard for civil rights.
In France he campaigned for religious liberty and judicial reform.
His idea of religious liberty influenced the US constitution.
Jean-Jaques Rousseau
another philisophe
Rousseau expanded on the idea of the social contract. He specifically spoke of child-upbringing and education through his works. He inspired many revolutionaries in the late 18th century.
Adam Smith
another philisophe
Smith was one of the most influential thinkers of the Enlightenment and responded to mercantilism by calling for freer trade.
Smith thought that if businesses and people could make choices based on their own interests, the market’s “invisible hand” would lead them to make choices that are good for everyone in society.
(laissez-faire)
Laissez-Faire
(french for “leave alone”)
Smith also advocated for laissez-faire.
This approach meant that governments should reduce their intervention in economic decisions.
What was capitalism?
;an economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and are operated for profit.
What was deism?
;the belief that there is a God who created everything but doesn’t necessarily interfere in daily lives.
What was conservatism?
;the belief in keeping things the way they are or returning to how they used to be, rather than making big changes (“conserving”)
What was socialism?
;the idea that everyone in a society should share ownership and benefits more equally.
What was classical liberalism?
;emphasizes a belief in natural rights, constitutional gov., laissez-faire economics, and reduced spendind on armies and churches.
Associated with thinkers like John Locke, Adam Smith, and others.
What was feminism?
The belief in and advocacy for the equal rights and opportunities of women, often emphasizing education and individual agency.
Mary Wollstonecraft
In her work “A Vindication of the Rights of Woman” (1792), she argued for women’s education and challenged traditional gender roles.
“Universal education would prepare women to participate in political and professional society, enabling them to support themselves.”
1848 Seneca Falls, NY
Activists gather to promote women’s rights and suffrage. Organizers were Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. The seneca falls convention was a landmark in the history of the women’s rights movement.
What was abolitionism?
;the movement to end the Atlantic slave trade and free all enslaved people
As soon as the slave trade stopped, slavery began to decline.
First states to ban the slave trade:
- Denmark, 1803
- Great Britian, 1807
- US, 1808
What was the effect of the end of Serfdom?
Queen Elizabeth I abolished serfdom in 1574 and hundreds of year later other govs would do the same.
The Russian freeing of 23 million serfs was the biggest release of people ever, giving them freedom.
What was zionism?
(end of 5.1)
;the desire of jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the middle east.
Key ideals
Many revolutions erupted in the 19th century. Many nations did get a new form of gov. that responded to the new wave of thinking with its key ideals: progress, reason, and natural law.
