Unit 5 Revolutions 1750-1900 Flashcards
What was the Enlightenment?
Intellectual movement that applied new ways of understanding, such as rationalism, and empiricist approaches to both the natural world and human relationship.
What was the Englightenment?
Intellectual movement that applied new ways of understanding, such as rationalism and empiricism, to both the natural world and human relationship.
Rationalism
Reason, rather the emotion/external authority, is the most reliable source of knowledge.
Rationalism
Reason, rather than emotions/external authority is the most reliable source of knowledge.
Empiricism
True knowledge is gained through the senses → experimentation.
Empiricism
Knowledge is gained through the senses, specifically through experimentation.
The Scientfic Revolution
Scientific Revolution
Period of scientific advancements in Europe, marked by the change from traditional beliefs and religion to reason.
How are the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment related?
The Scientific Revolution laid down the foundation for the Age of Enlightenment → philosophers applied scientific and rationalistic thinking to the study of human society.
The Enlightenment challenged ________.
Religious & Political authority
Deism
Belief in a God who created the universe and then left it to operate according to natural laws, without intervening.
Atheism
Lack of belief in deities or god.
Main political ideas of the Enlightenment:
Individualism, natural rights, and the social contract.
Individualism
The most basic element of society was the individual and not collective groups.
Natural Rights
Humans are born with certain rights that cannot be infringed upon by governments or any other entity.
Social Contract
Governments get their power from the consent of the governed, who surrender certain rights in exchange for protection and order.
John Locke
Argued that people have natural rights to life, liberty, & property, and that governments exist to protect these rights → if they don’t, people have to right to revolt.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Believed in popular sovereignty, where the government should reflect the will of the people.
Thomas Hobbes
Claimed that without a government to maintain order, people would be in a constant state of conflict.
Effects of the Englightenment
- Challenged traditional authority
- Rise of nationalism
- Inspired major revolutions
- Abolition of slavery
- Reform movements
Causes of Revolutions
Nationalism, political dissent, new ideologies such as popular sovereignty, democracy, and liberalism.
Nationalism
Sense of commonality among people based on shared language, religion, social customs → desire for own territory.
How did some states use nationalism to their advantage?
They fostered a sense of unity among their people through nationalist themes, public rituals, and military service.
Political Dissent
Widespread discontent with monarch and imperial rule.
Ex. The Safavid Empire imposed harsh taxes leading to resistance.
Ex. The Wahhabi movement attempted to reform the corrupted form of Islam in the Ottoman Empire.
Popular Sovreignty
The power to govern was in the hands of the people.
Democracy
People must have the right to vote and influence the policies of the government.
Liberalism
Emphasized the protection of civil rights, representative government, the protection of private property, and economic freedom.
The American Revolution (1765-1783)
Conflict between American colonies and the British government caused by taxation, governing policies, and adoption of enlightenment principles → Declaration of the Independence and the establishment of the United States.
French Revolution (1789-1799)
Period of social & political upheaval in France caused by economic crisis, social inequality, and enlightenment ideals → Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and the abolition of the monarchy (Louis XVI).
The Reign of Terror (1793-1794)
Period of intense violence and political repression during which people were executed for opposing the revolution.
Napoleon
Rose to power after the French Revolution and established to French Empire → expanded French territory and influence across Europe.
Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)
Slave revolt under the leadership of Toussaint Louverture in the French colony of Haiti → establishment of the first black republic.
Latin American Revolutions
Series of revolutions inspired by the American & French Revolutions and growing discontent among Creoles (Simon Bolivar) → rise of independent nations in Latin America.
Propaganda Movement in the Phillippines
Campaign led by Filipino intellects aimed at reforming Spanish colonial rule through advocacy, literature, and education → increased national identity and led to the Philippine Revolution of 1896.
Unification of Italy and Germany
Leaders of both nations used nationalism, diplomacy, and military tactics to unify each place under a single government.
Industrial Revolution
Process by which states transitioned from agrarian to industrial economies.
Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Great Britain in 1750?
- Proximity to Waterways
- Coal and Iron
- Access to Foreign Resources
- Improved Agricultural Productivity
- Urbanization
- Protection of Private Property
- Accumulation of Capital
Factory System
Centralized production of goods in large-scale factories powered by water, and later electricity.
Specialization of Labor
Workers focused on specific tasks within a production process → increased productivity.
Effect of the Steam Engine
Facilitated the spread of industrialization because factories did not have to rely on water. Steamships also transport mass-produced goods further and faster.
What determined a state’s industrialization?
The degree to which each state had the seven factors needed to industrialize → industrialized nations vs. non-industrialized nations.
Impact of Industrialization on Middle East and Asian Countries
These regions continued to produce manufactured goods, but their share in global manufacturing declined due to industrialization in Britain and the U.S.
India and Egypt were major producers of textiles, however the rise of British industrialization led to a . . .
Decline in Indian textile production and exports because British-made textiles were cheaper and more readily available.
Industrialization in France
Slower due to political instability after the French Revolution and limited coal deposits → focused on textiles.
Industrialization in the United States
Driven by private businesses and entrepreneurs. The U.S. had lots of natural resources and a growing labor force (especially immigrants).
Industrialization in Russia
The Russian government invested in infrastructure (trans-Siberian railroad) and industries like steel and coal.
Industrialization in Japan
Japan modernized quickly, using Western technology and sending people abroad to learn.
1st vs. 2nd Industrial Revolutions: Key Technologies
1st: Steam engine, spinning jenny, power loom, coal, iron.
2nd: Electricity, steel, internal combustion engine, chemicals.
1st vs. 2nd Industrial Revolutions: Main industries
1st: Textiles, coal mining, iron, early railroads.
2nd: Steel, chemicals, automobiles, electricity, machinery.
Impact of the New Technologies
- Development of Interior Regions
- Increase in Trade and Migration
Egyptian Industrialization
Muhammad Ali built textile factories, canals, railroads, and taxed imported goods → Britain took control in Egypt to protect their own interests.
Meiji Restoration
Marked the end of Tokugawa Shogunate and isolationism → Japan adopted Western-style reforms in politics, education, and society. It also industrialized rapidly by building railroads, factories, and infrastructure.
Mercantilism
Declining economic-system that played a massive role in European exploration and imperialism.
Adam Smith
Argued that people acting in their own self-interest in a free market helps the economy grow, with little government interference → laid the groundwork for capitalism.
Laissez Faire Economies
Government should not interfere in the economy, allowing businesses to operate freely with minimal regulation → supply and demand is guided by the “invisible hand.”
Jeremy Bentham
Argued that the cure for the suffering of the working class and society was not free market economies but government legislation.
Friedrich List
Argued that a government should protect its industries from foreign competition to promote economic growth.
Transnational Corporations
Company that is controlled in one country, but establishes large operations in many other countries → held significant economic power.
Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation
Opened in 1865 in British controlled Hong Kong to organize and control British imperial ventures.
Unilever Corporation
Joint company established by the British and the Dutch that manufactured household goods, mostly soap → opened factories around the world and got its raw materials from African colonies.
Stock Markets
Shares of companies are bought and sold, typically through exchanges like the New York Stock Exchange, allowing companies to raise capital by selling ownership stakes, while investors can buy shares to potentially earn a return.
Limited Liability
Business owners are only responsible for the money they invest, protecting their personal assets.
Western industrialized powers were far richer in the 1900s leading to . . .
- High standards of living
- Greater access to consumer goods
Industrialization created a _________ that purchased _________.
New middle class & Mass-produced consumer goods.
Further development of manufacturing technologies made _________ more efficient and cheaper, meaning more people had _________.
Production & Access to goods.
Labor Reforms
Working class worked long hours in poor factory conditions for low pay → advocated for better working conditions.
Political Reforms
Expanded voting rights to men and women → mass based political parties.
Social Reforms
Working class people reorganized into social societies providing insurance for sickness and social events.
Educational Reforms
Expanded access to education, particularly for the working class and women. Governments also passed mandatory education for children.
Urban Reforms
Efforts to improve sanitation, healthcare, and public health infrastructure.
Labor Unions
Workers who joined together in order to protect their own interests → negotiated with employers for higher wages, limited working hours, and improved working conditions.
Scientific Socialism (Marxism)
Developed by Karl Marx and published in the Communist Manifesto; Believed that capitalism was unstable by nature because it created sharp class division. Advocated for a classless society achieved through a revolutionary process led by the proletariat → collective ownership of production.
Challenges in Qing China
European powers sought trade rights and access to Chinese markets, leading to Conflicts like the Opium Wars → Spheres of Influence in China.
Self-Strengthening Movement
Series of reforms that sought to industrialize China and revitalize Chinese culture → faced internal resistance from Confucian officials and land-owners.
Ottoman Industrialization through the Tanzimat Reforms
All reforms were more secular in nature and divorced from the historic Islamic character of the empire. → built textile factories, implemented Western-style law codes and courts, expanded education systems, etc → unsuccessful.
Young Ottomans
Desired a European-style parliament and constitutional government that would limit the power of absolutist sultans.
New Social Classes
- Industrial Working Class
- Factory workers → easily replaceable
- Middle Class
- White collar workers → consumers
- Industrialists
- Owned industrial corporations
Effects on Women
- Working Class Women
- Worked in factories since husband’s
wages were not sufficient.
- Worked in factories since husband’s
- Middle Class Women
- Defined by domestic roles as
homemakers.
- Defined by domestic roles as
Challenges of Industrialization
- Pollution
- Rapid pace of industrialization meant
infrastructure could not keep up →
air and water pollution.
- Rapid pace of industrialization meant
- Housing Shortages
- Tenements were constructed with terrible living conditions → spread diseases.
- Increased Crime
- Rise in theft and violent crimes.
