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anatomy > unit 5 review anatomy exam > Flashcards

unit 5 review anatomy exam Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two main skeletal regions of the skull?

A

neurocranium (braincase) and viscerocranium (facial skeleton)

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2
Q

what is TMJ and where does it occur?

A

termporomandibular juntion syndrome and happens from grinding

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3
Q

nasion

A

where frontal and nasal bone meet (under glabella)

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4
Q

intermaxillary suture

A

indention above the lip below nose

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5
Q

temporal fossa

A

temporalis m

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6
Q

pterion

A

where spenoid, temporal, parietal, and frontal bone meet

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7
Q

occiput

A

where occipital, temporal, and parietal bone meet

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8
Q

hard palate

A

where palatine process (maxillary bone) and palatine bone meet

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9
Q

anterior cranial fossa

A

frontal lobe

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10
Q

middle cranial fossa

A

temporal lobe

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11
Q

posterior cranial fossa

A

cerebellum and occipital lobe

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12
Q

five layers of the scalp

A

skin, connective tissue, aponeurosis (epicranial), loose connective tissue, and pericranium (dense connective tissue)

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13
Q

scalp proper layers

A

skin, connective tissue, aponeurosis (epicranial)

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14
Q

what are the other names for the aponeurosis layer of the scalp?

A

epicranial or galea aponeurosis

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15
Q

the aponeurosis layer of the scalp separates what muscle?

A

frontal and occipital belly of occipitofrontalis m

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16
Q

true/ false: the pericranium is the dense connective tissue layer of the scalp that forms the external periosteum of the calvaria

A

true

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17
Q

nasalis m

A

depresses tip of nose and elevates corners of nostrils

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18
Q

orbicularis oris m

A

compresses and purses lips (kiss m)

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19
Q

mentalis m

A

protrudes lower lip ad wrinkles chin

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20
Q

depressor anguli oris m

A

moves mouth inferiorly and laterally

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21
Q

zygomaticus major/minor

A

elevates corner of moutn (smile m)

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22
Q

risorius m

A

closed mouth soft smile

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23
Q

corogator supercillii m

A

pulls eybrows inferiorly and medially (pulls them together)

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24
Q

procerus

A

wrinkles nose

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25
Q

what are the four muscles involved in mastication?

A

masseter, temporalis, lateral and medial pterygoid mm

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26
Q

what are the three superficial mm of the lateral neck, and what are their functions!

A

-platysma m
-sternocleidomastoid m
-trapezius
-unilateral rotation to the opposite side and bilateral flexion of the neck

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27
Q

what mm make up the suprahyoid group?

A

digastric, stylohyoid, mylohyoid, and geniohyoid (don’t stop moving and grooving)

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28
Q

what mm make up the infrahyoid group?

A

sternohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid (stacy only studies thursdays)

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29
Q

what nerve innervates the superficial face mm?

A

facial n (CN VII)

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30
Q

what are the three salivary glands? what nerve innervates them?

A

parotid (glossopharyngeal) submandibular and sublingual (facial)

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31
Q

how many permanent teeth do adults have?

A

32

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32
Q

what provides sensory for upper and lower teeth?

A

superior alveolar n and inferior alveolar n

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33
Q

true/ false: the trigeminal n has both sensory and motor functions

A

true

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34
Q

what are the three divisions of the trigeminal n?

A

opthalmic, maxillary, mandibular

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35
Q

where does the opthalmic branch enter the orbit?

A

superior orbital fissure

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36
Q

what are the three branches of the opthalmic branch?

A

frontal, nasociliary, lacrimal

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37
Q

what are the two branches of the nasociliary n and what do they innervate?

A

infratrochlear (eyelid, conjunctiva, and skin of nose) and ethmoids (sinuses)

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38
Q

what are the two branches of the frontal n and what do they innervate)

A

supratrochlear (skin of forehead) and supraorbital (skin of forehead, frontal sinus, conjunctiva)

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39
Q

what structure does the lacrimal n innervate?

A

lacrimal gland

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40
Q

what are the nerves that branch from the maxillary division of the trigeminal, and what do they innervate?

A

infraorbital (cheek, upper lip)-> superior alveolar (upper teeth)

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41
Q

what are the nerves that branch from the mandibular division of the trigeminal and what do they innvervate?

A

buccal (gingiva-gums), lingual (tongue), inferior alveolar (lower teeth) -> mental (chin and lower lip)

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42
Q

what division of the trigeminal nerve is mostly sensory, but has some motor function?

A

mandibular division

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43
Q

not including the posterior auricular n, what are the five terminal branches of the facial n?

A

temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, and cervical

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44
Q

what is bell palsy?

A

inability to control facial mm and paralysis of facial n

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45
Q

what are the four branches of the facial artery?

A

-superior labial -> lateral nasal -> angular
-inferior labial

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46
Q

what arteries branch directly off the external carotid a?

A

superior thyroid, lingual, facial, maxillary, superficial temporal, poster auricular, occipital

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47
Q

from where does the mental artery arise?

A

inferior alveolar off maxillary

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48
Q

what branches off the opthalamic a and supplies the mm of the forehead and skin?

A

supratrochlear and supraorbital

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49
Q

what are the three branches of the thyrocervical trunk?

A

inferior thyroid, suprascapular, and transerse cervical

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50
Q

what main veins drain the face?

A

facial <-supraorbital, supratrochlear, and inferior labial

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51
Q

the prosencephalon is made of what two divisions??

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

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52
Q

what structures make up the diencephalon?

A

epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus

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53
Q

what are the two divisions of rhombencephalon?

A

metencephalon (pons and cerebellum) and myelencephalon (medulla)

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54
Q

what are the five lobes of the cerebrum?

A

frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, insula

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55
Q

what is the function of each cerebral lobe?

A

frontal= voluntary, personality, decision making, verbal communication (primary motor cortex)
parietal= general sensory, understanding speech (wernicke’s area), evaluate shape
occipital= primary visual cotext (conscious)
temporal= auditory and olfactory (conscious)
insula= emotion, cravings, taste, self awareness (primary gustatory cortex)
*cerebellum is the only subconscious)

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56
Q

what is the function of the epithalamus?

A

pineal gland (melatonin) and sleep wake cycle

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57
Q

what is the function of the thalamus?

A

relays and processes sensory info to cerebrum (except smell)

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58
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

regulates body temp, hunger, thirst, emotion, sexual drive, sleep/ wake cycle

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59
Q

at are some examples of the hormones released by the pituitary gland?

A

growth, antidivertic, and thyroid stimulating hormone

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60
Q

what is the function of the mesencephalon?

A

-corpora quadrigemina: superior colliculi (visual) and inferior colliculi (auditory)
-red nucleus: fine motor control- mm tone and posture
-substantia nigra: regulates motor output of cerebral nuclei by making dopamine
-cerebral peduncles: carry info from cerebrum to brainstem
-cerebral aqueduct: connects third to fourth ventricle

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61
Q

what is the function of the corpus callosum?

A

connects cerebral hemispheres

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62
Q

what structures make up the metencephalon and what are their functions?

A

-pons: regulates rate of breathing and regulates sensory info to thalamus/ cerebellum
-cerebellum: receives infro from cerebrum, ear, eye, and spinal fluid and mm memory

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63
Q

what is the function of the medulla oblongata?

A

regulates respiratory rate, blood pressure, heart rate, and relays info to thalamus
-olive: asscending sensory info
-pyramid: houses motor projection tracts

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64
Q

what are the major components of the limbic system?

A

cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, and olfactory bulb/ tract

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65
Q

what are the three cranial meninges in order from external to internal?

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

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66
Q

the dura mater has what two layers from external to internal>

A

periosteal and meningeal layer

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67
Q

what is the epidural space?

A

potential space between the cranial bone and periosteal layer of dura (becomes real with trauma)

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68
Q

what is the subdural space?

A

space below meningeal layer of dura and arachnoid mater (becomes real with blood or fluid accumulation)

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69
Q

what is the subarachnoid space?

A

space between arachnoid mater and pia mater that holds CSF

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70
Q

what is an epidural hematoma?

A

rupture of meningeal a

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71
Q

what is a subdural hematoma?

A

rupture of cerebral v

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72
Q

what artery supplies the dura mater?

A

middle meningeal a

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73
Q

what nerve innervates the dura mater?

A

trigeminal n and branches

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74
Q

describe the location/ function of each dural infoldings?

A
  • falx cerebri: separates cerebral hemispheres
    -tentitorum cerebelli: separates cerebral (occipital) from cerebellum
    -falx cerebelli: between cerebellar hemispheres
    -sellar diaphram: covers pituitary gland
75
Q

what layer of dura mater is formed by dural reflections?

A

meningeal layer of dura mater

76
Q

where does superior sagittal drain?

A

confluence

77
Q

where does inferior sagittal drain?

A

straight

78
Q

where does occipital drain?

A

confluence

79
Q

where does confluence drain?

A

transverse

80
Q

where does cavernous drain?

A

petrosals

81
Q

where does straight drain?

A

confluence

82
Q

what is CSF made by?

A

choroid plexus

83
Q

where are the choroid plexuses?

A

ventricles

84
Q

at is the flow of CSF starting in the choroid plexuses in the lateral ventricles?

A

interventricular foramen -> third -> cerebral aqueduct -> fourth -> apetures -> subarachnoid spaces

85
Q

what is the function of the arachnoid granulations?

A

allows CSF to flow through dural sinuses

86
Q

what is hydrocephalus?

A

caused by excess CSF from overproduction, obstruction of flows, and interference with absorption

87
Q

what are the two main arteries that supply the brain?

A

vertebral and internal carotid

88
Q

what forms the circle of willis?

A

posterior cerebral, posterior communicating, internal carotid, anterior communicating, anterior cerebral

89
Q

what is the main vein that drains the brain?

A

middle meningeal v

90
Q

olfactory n (sensory)

A

smell

91
Q

optic (sensory)

A

vision

92
Q

oculomotor (motor)

A

innervate inferior oblique, inferior rectus, superior rectus, medial rectus

93
Q

trochlear (motor)

A

innervate superior oblique

94
Q

trigeminal (both)

A

-opthalamic: sensory, pain, temp, touch for upper face
-maxillary: sensory, pain, temp, touch for lower face
-mandibular: sensory, pain, touch, temp for lower face and motor for chewing

95
Q

abducens (motor)

A

innervate lateral rectus

96
Q

facial (both)

A

sensory for taste and motor for salivary (sublingual and submandibular) and lacrimal; facial expression mm

97
Q

vestibulocochlear (sensory)

A

balance and hearing

98
Q

glossopharyngeal (both)

A

sensory for taste; motor for parotid gland and stylopharyngeus m

99
Q

vagus (both)

A

sensory for taste; visceral innervation of abdominopelvic and thoracic cavity

100
Q

accessory (motor)

A

innervates trapezius and sternocleidomastoid m

101
Q

hypoglossal (motor)

A

innervate tongue mm expect palatoglossus m

102
Q

what are the two branches of the vestibulocochlear n and what are their functions?

A

cochlear division- hearing; vestibular division- balance

103
Q

what is the function of the three scalene mm?

A

elevate ribs and aid in inhalation

104
Q

where does the vertebral artery arise?

A

subclavian artery

105
Q

what are the three main branches of the external carotid artery?

A

superior thyroid, facial, lingual, maxillary

106
Q

what are the three main divisions of the maxillary artery and what are their branches?

A

mandibular (middle meningeal and inferior alveolar), pterygoid (masseteric and buccal), pterygopalatine (sphenopalatine, infraorbital, and descending palatine)

107
Q

what arteries sypply the thyroid gland?

A

superior and inferior thyroid aa

108
Q

what veins drain the thyroid gland?

A

inferior thyroid v (coming off brachiocephalic)

109
Q

what does the parathyroid gland produce?

A

pth (parathyroid hormone)

110
Q

what are the three single cartilages of the laryngeal skeleton?

A

thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis

111
Q

what are the three paired cartilages of the laryngeal skeleton?

A

arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform

112
Q

three divisions of the laryngeal cavity

A
  • vestibule: superior to vestibular folds
    -ventricle: between vestibular and vocal cords
    -infraglottic cavity: inferior to vocal cords
113
Q

aryepiglottic folds

A

house the epiglottis cartilage and arytenoid cartilage

114
Q

vestibular folds

A

false vocal cords and prevent things from entering the trachea

115
Q

true vocal folds

A

contain a vocal lig thyroarytenoid m

116
Q

glottis

A

vocal cords and rima glottidis

117
Q

rima glottidis

A

space between the two vocal cords

118
Q

what are the extrinsic mm of the larynx and their function?

A

infrahyoid (depresses) and suprahyoid (elevates)

119
Q

what are the intrinsic mm of the larynx and their function?

A

lateral (adduct vocal cords) and posterior (abduct vocal cords) cricoarytenoid mm

120
Q

what are the three regions of the pharynx?

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laropharynx

121
Q

what are the three external mm of the pharynx and their function?

A

superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors

122
Q

what are the three internal mm of the pharynx and their function?

A

stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus mm (elevate- shorten and widen- pharynx and larynx during swallowing

123
Q

what is the floor of the nasal cavity?

A

tongue

124
Q

what is the function of the nasal conchae?

A

moisten air and provide circulation

125
Q

what are the paranasal sinuses?

A

fontal, ethmoidal, maxillary, and sphenoidal

126
Q

what five arteries are the main supplier to the walls of the nasal cavity, and from where do they branch?

A

-greater palatine <-descending palatine
-superior labial <- facial
-spenopalatine <- maxillary
-anterior and posterior ethmoidal<-opthalamic

127
Q

what is the Kiesselbach’s area?

A

anterior part of the nasal cavity where the five arteries anastomose?

128
Q

where is the oral vestibule?

A

portion of the nose that sticks out and connects to external nare

129
Q

what aa/ nerve supply the upper lip?

A

superior labial a and infraorbital n

130
Q

what aa/ nerve supply the lower lip?

A

mental a and mental n

131
Q

what two arches separate the oral cavity from the oropharynx?

A

palatopharyngeal and palatoglossal

132
Q

where are the palatine tonsils located?

A

oropharynx

133
Q

what blood vessel supplies the tongue?

A

lingual a

134
Q

what are the four extrinsic mm of the tongue?

A

geniglossys, hyoglossus, styloglossus, and palatoglossus

135
Q

what nerve provides motor function for the palatoglossal m?

A

vagus n

136
Q

what are the four intrinsic mm of the tongue?

A

superior and inferior longitiudinal, transverse, and vertical

137
Q

which mm allows you to stick out and curl your tongue?

A

intrinsic

138
Q

general vs special senses

A

-general: internal and external, widely distributed, general sensory, prorpioception
-special: localized and specialized

139
Q

what is the function of sensory receptors?

A

translate and transform energies

140
Q

what is receptor specificity?

A

receptor responding to one characteristic stimulus

141
Q

if the sensory receptor filed is larger, what happens to the sensitivity?

A

increases

142
Q

unencapsulated vs encapsulated sensory receptors?

A

-unencapsulated: lack specialized associations and terminal ends
-encapsulated: terminal end enclosed in specialized structure

143
Q

unencapsulated sensory receptor types

A

-free nerve endings: general sensory
-tactile discs: light touch, pressure
-hair receptors: monitor movement of hair at follicle (adapt quickly)

144
Q

encapsulated sensory receptor types

A

-Meissner’s corpuscle: light touch, sensitive areas (eyelids), loq frequency
-Ruffini corpuscle: deeper pressure (subcutaneous tissue, dermis, genitalia, breasts, joints)
-Pacinian (lamellated) corpuscle: heavy pressure, high frequency (dermis, joints, and sensitive areas)

145
Q

what is the difference between tonic and phasic receptors?

A

tonic don’t turn off and phasic will adapt

146
Q

where are the taste buds located in the tongue?

A

lingual pappilae

147
Q

lingual papillae types

A

-vallate papillae: large and flat topped in v shape
-fungiform papillae: mushroom shaped
-foliate papillae: small lateral folds

148
Q

true/false: the filiform papillae are sensitive to touch but not taste

A

true

149
Q

true/ false: taste sensations pass through the thalamus to the insula

A

true (only smell goes around thalamus to the limbic system)

150
Q

what nerve provides sensory (taste and general) innervation to the tongue?

A

vagus n (base), facial n (anterior), glossopharyngeal (posterior)

151
Q

what nerve provides motor innervation to the tongue?

A

hypoglossal except palatoglossal m (vagus)

152
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

lines roof of nasal cavity (connects oflactory hairs and receptor cells)

153
Q

olfactory bulb

A

contains olfactory nerve fivers and mitral cells

154
Q

olfactory tract

A

relays nerve impulses to olfactory cortex, hypothalamus, and limbic system

155
Q

what do olfactory nerve fibers synapse with in the olfactory bulb?

A

mitral cells

156
Q

what are mitral cells?

A

axons of these form olfactory tract

157
Q

conjuctiva

A

moistens sclera and lines external anterior surface of eye

158
Q

lacrimal glands

A

produces tears, lubes surface, prevents bacteria, cleans and moistens surface

159
Q

superior oblique m

A

innervated by trochlear n; inferiorly and laterally (abduct)

160
Q

inferior oblique m

A

innervated by oculomotor n; superiorly and laterally (abduct)

161
Q

lateral rectus m

A

innervated by abducens n; moves eye laterally (abduct)

162
Q

inferior rectus m

A

innervated by oculomotor n; moves eye inferiorly (adduct)

163
Q

medial recuts m

A

innervated by oculomotor n; moves eye inferiorly and medially (adduct)

164
Q

superior rectus m

A

innervated by oculomotor n; moves eye superiorly and medially (adduct)

165
Q

three chambers of the eye

A

-anterior: cornea and iris/pupil (filled with aqueous humor)
-posterior: iris/pupil and lens
-vitrous: posterior to lens (filled with vitreous humor- maintains shape of eye)

166
Q

what are the three layers of the eye from external to internal?

A

fibrous tunic, vitreous tunic, and retina

167
Q

how does the sclera receive nutrients and oxygen?

A

choroid

168
Q

true/ false: cornea is posterior to the lens

A

false

169
Q

what is the iris and what does it contain?

A

colored portion that contains pupil

170
Q

what is the choroid and what is its function?

A

layer between the sclera and retina that delivers nutrients to retina

171
Q

what uses suspensory ligaments to hold the lens in place?

A

ciliary bodies

172
Q

what is the function of the ciliary process?

A

secrete aqueous humor

173
Q

inner vs outer laters of retina

A

-inner: neural and light receptive
-outer: pigmented and absorptive

174
Q

what is the anterior termination of the neural layers of the retina?

A

ora serrata

175
Q

what are the light receptors in the retina?

A

rods (in outer edge of retina)

176
Q

what are the color receptors?

A

cones (in fovea centralis)

177
Q

mascula lutea

A

where light should be centered, houses cones

178
Q

fovea centralis

A

in center of macula lutea, where sharpest eye vision is

179
Q

optic disc

A

blind spot and optic n leaves eye

180
Q

auricle?

A

funnel around ear

181
Q

what is the function of cerumen (ear wax)

A

coats hair and inhibits bacterial growth

182
Q

what are the strcutres of the external ear?

A

auricle, auditory canal, and external aucostic meatus

183
Q

what is the function of the tympanic membrane?

A

vibrates in response to sound

184
Q

what are the structures of the inner ear and what are their functions?

A

-oval window: articulates with stapes
-cochlea: hearing
-semicircular canals: detect rotation/ position of head
-vestibule (utricle and saccule): balance

anatomy (3 decks)

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