unit 5 review anatomy exam Flashcards
what are the two main skeletal regions of the skull?
neurocranium (braincase) and viscerocranium (facial skeleton)
what is TMJ and where does it occur?
termporomandibular juntion syndrome and happens from grinding
nasion
where frontal and nasal bone meet (under glabella)
intermaxillary suture
indention above the lip below nose
temporal fossa
temporalis m
pterion
where spenoid, temporal, parietal, and frontal bone meet
occiput
where occipital, temporal, and parietal bone meet
hard palate
where palatine process (maxillary bone) and palatine bone meet
anterior cranial fossa
frontal lobe
middle cranial fossa
temporal lobe
posterior cranial fossa
cerebellum and occipital lobe
five layers of the scalp
skin, connective tissue, aponeurosis (epicranial), loose connective tissue, and pericranium (dense connective tissue)
scalp proper layers
skin, connective tissue, aponeurosis (epicranial)
what are the other names for the aponeurosis layer of the scalp?
epicranial or galea aponeurosis
the aponeurosis layer of the scalp separates what muscle?
frontal and occipital belly of occipitofrontalis m
true/ false: the pericranium is the dense connective tissue layer of the scalp that forms the external periosteum of the calvaria
true
nasalis m
depresses tip of nose and elevates corners of nostrils
orbicularis oris m
compresses and purses lips (kiss m)
mentalis m
protrudes lower lip ad wrinkles chin
depressor anguli oris m
moves mouth inferiorly and laterally
zygomaticus major/minor
elevates corner of moutn (smile m)
risorius m
closed mouth soft smile
corogator supercillii m
pulls eybrows inferiorly and medially (pulls them together)
procerus
wrinkles nose
what are the four muscles involved in mastication?
masseter, temporalis, lateral and medial pterygoid mm
what are the three superficial mm of the lateral neck, and what are their functions!
-platysma m
-sternocleidomastoid m
-trapezius
-unilateral rotation to the opposite side and bilateral flexion of the neck
what mm make up the suprahyoid group?
digastric, stylohyoid, mylohyoid, and geniohyoid (don’t stop moving and grooving)
what mm make up the infrahyoid group?
sternohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid (stacy only studies thursdays)
what nerve innervates the superficial face mm?
facial n (CN VII)
what are the three salivary glands? what nerve innervates them?
parotid (glossopharyngeal) submandibular and sublingual (facial)
how many permanent teeth do adults have?
32
what provides sensory for upper and lower teeth?
superior alveolar n and inferior alveolar n
true/ false: the trigeminal n has both sensory and motor functions
true
what are the three divisions of the trigeminal n?
opthalmic, maxillary, mandibular
where does the opthalmic branch enter the orbit?
superior orbital fissure
what are the three branches of the opthalmic branch?
frontal, nasociliary, lacrimal
what are the two branches of the nasociliary n and what do they innervate?
infratrochlear (eyelid, conjunctiva, and skin of nose) and ethmoids (sinuses)
what are the two branches of the frontal n and what do they innervate)
supratrochlear (skin of forehead) and supraorbital (skin of forehead, frontal sinus, conjunctiva)
what structure does the lacrimal n innervate?
lacrimal gland
what are the nerves that branch from the maxillary division of the trigeminal, and what do they innervate?
infraorbital (cheek, upper lip)-> superior alveolar (upper teeth)
what are the nerves that branch from the mandibular division of the trigeminal and what do they innvervate?
buccal (gingiva-gums), lingual (tongue), inferior alveolar (lower teeth) -> mental (chin and lower lip)
what division of the trigeminal nerve is mostly sensory, but has some motor function?
mandibular division
not including the posterior auricular n, what are the five terminal branches of the facial n?
temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, and cervical
what is bell palsy?
inability to control facial mm and paralysis of facial n
what are the four branches of the facial artery?
-superior labial -> lateral nasal -> angular
-inferior labial
what arteries branch directly off the external carotid a?
superior thyroid, lingual, facial, maxillary, superficial temporal, poster auricular, occipital
from where does the mental artery arise?
inferior alveolar off maxillary
what branches off the opthalamic a and supplies the mm of the forehead and skin?
supratrochlear and supraorbital
what are the three branches of the thyrocervical trunk?
inferior thyroid, suprascapular, and transerse cervical
what main veins drain the face?
facial <-supraorbital, supratrochlear, and inferior labial
the prosencephalon is made of what two divisions??
telencephalon and diencephalon
what structures make up the diencephalon?
epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus
what are the two divisions of rhombencephalon?
metencephalon (pons and cerebellum) and myelencephalon (medulla)
what are the five lobes of the cerebrum?
frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, insula
what is the function of each cerebral lobe?
frontal= voluntary, personality, decision making, verbal communication (primary motor cortex)
parietal= general sensory, understanding speech (wernicke’s area), evaluate shape
occipital= primary visual cotext (conscious)
temporal= auditory and olfactory (conscious)
insula= emotion, cravings, taste, self awareness (primary gustatory cortex)
*cerebellum is the only subconscious)
what is the function of the epithalamus?
pineal gland (melatonin) and sleep wake cycle
what is the function of the thalamus?
relays and processes sensory info to cerebrum (except smell)
what is the function of the hypothalamus?
regulates body temp, hunger, thirst, emotion, sexual drive, sleep/ wake cycle
at are some examples of the hormones released by the pituitary gland?
growth, antidivertic, and thyroid stimulating hormone
what is the function of the mesencephalon?
-corpora quadrigemina: superior colliculi (visual) and inferior colliculi (auditory)
-red nucleus: fine motor control- mm tone and posture
-substantia nigra: regulates motor output of cerebral nuclei by making dopamine
-cerebral peduncles: carry info from cerebrum to brainstem
-cerebral aqueduct: connects third to fourth ventricle
what is the function of the corpus callosum?
connects cerebral hemispheres
what structures make up the metencephalon and what are their functions?
-pons: regulates rate of breathing and regulates sensory info to thalamus/ cerebellum
-cerebellum: receives infro from cerebrum, ear, eye, and spinal fluid and mm memory
what is the function of the medulla oblongata?
regulates respiratory rate, blood pressure, heart rate, and relays info to thalamus
-olive: asscending sensory info
-pyramid: houses motor projection tracts
what are the major components of the limbic system?
cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, and olfactory bulb/ tract
what are the three cranial meninges in order from external to internal?
dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater
the dura mater has what two layers from external to internal>
periosteal and meningeal layer
what is the epidural space?
potential space between the cranial bone and periosteal layer of dura (becomes real with trauma)
what is the subdural space?
space below meningeal layer of dura and arachnoid mater (becomes real with blood or fluid accumulation)
what is the subarachnoid space?
space between arachnoid mater and pia mater that holds CSF
what is an epidural hematoma?
rupture of meningeal a
what is a subdural hematoma?
rupture of cerebral v
what artery supplies the dura mater?
middle meningeal a
what nerve innervates the dura mater?
trigeminal n and branches
describe the location/ function of each dural infoldings?
- falx cerebri: separates cerebral hemispheres
-tentitorum cerebelli: separates cerebral (occipital) from cerebellum
-falx cerebelli: between cerebellar hemispheres
-sellar diaphram: covers pituitary gland
what layer of dura mater is formed by dural reflections?
meningeal layer of dura mater
where does superior sagittal drain?
confluence
where does inferior sagittal drain?
straight
where does occipital drain?
confluence
where does confluence drain?
transverse
where does cavernous drain?
petrosals
where does straight drain?
confluence
what is CSF made by?
choroid plexus
where are the choroid plexuses?
ventricles
at is the flow of CSF starting in the choroid plexuses in the lateral ventricles?
interventricular foramen -> third -> cerebral aqueduct -> fourth -> apetures -> subarachnoid spaces
what is the function of the arachnoid granulations?
allows CSF to flow through dural sinuses
what is hydrocephalus?
caused by excess CSF from overproduction, obstruction of flows, and interference with absorption
what are the two main arteries that supply the brain?
vertebral and internal carotid
what forms the circle of willis?
posterior cerebral, posterior communicating, internal carotid, anterior communicating, anterior cerebral
what is the main vein that drains the brain?
middle meningeal v
olfactory n (sensory)
smell
optic (sensory)
vision
oculomotor (motor)
innervate inferior oblique, inferior rectus, superior rectus, medial rectus
trochlear (motor)
innervate superior oblique
trigeminal (both)
-opthalamic: sensory, pain, temp, touch for upper face
-maxillary: sensory, pain, temp, touch for lower face
-mandibular: sensory, pain, touch, temp for lower face and motor for chewing
abducens (motor)
innervate lateral rectus
facial (both)
sensory for taste and motor for salivary (sublingual and submandibular) and lacrimal; facial expression mm
vestibulocochlear (sensory)
balance and hearing
glossopharyngeal (both)
sensory for taste; motor for parotid gland and stylopharyngeus m
vagus (both)
sensory for taste; visceral innervation of abdominopelvic and thoracic cavity
accessory (motor)
innervates trapezius and sternocleidomastoid m
hypoglossal (motor)
innervate tongue mm expect palatoglossus m
what are the two branches of the vestibulocochlear n and what are their functions?
cochlear division- hearing; vestibular division- balance
what is the function of the three scalene mm?
elevate ribs and aid in inhalation
where does the vertebral artery arise?
subclavian artery
what are the three main branches of the external carotid artery?
superior thyroid, facial, lingual, maxillary
what are the three main divisions of the maxillary artery and what are their branches?
mandibular (middle meningeal and inferior alveolar), pterygoid (masseteric and buccal), pterygopalatine (sphenopalatine, infraorbital, and descending palatine)
what arteries sypply the thyroid gland?
superior and inferior thyroid aa
what veins drain the thyroid gland?
inferior thyroid v (coming off brachiocephalic)
what does the parathyroid gland produce?
pth (parathyroid hormone)
what are the three single cartilages of the laryngeal skeleton?
thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis
what are the three paired cartilages of the laryngeal skeleton?
arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform
three divisions of the laryngeal cavity
- vestibule: superior to vestibular folds
-ventricle: between vestibular and vocal cords
-infraglottic cavity: inferior to vocal cords
aryepiglottic folds
house the epiglottis cartilage and arytenoid cartilage
vestibular folds
false vocal cords and prevent things from entering the trachea
true vocal folds
contain a vocal lig thyroarytenoid m
glottis
vocal cords and rima glottidis
rima glottidis
space between the two vocal cords
what are the extrinsic mm of the larynx and their function?
infrahyoid (depresses) and suprahyoid (elevates)
what are the intrinsic mm of the larynx and their function?
lateral (adduct vocal cords) and posterior (abduct vocal cords) cricoarytenoid mm
what are the three regions of the pharynx?
nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laropharynx
what are the three external mm of the pharynx and their function?
superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors
what are the three internal mm of the pharynx and their function?
stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus mm (elevate- shorten and widen- pharynx and larynx during swallowing
what is the floor of the nasal cavity?
tongue
what is the function of the nasal conchae?
moisten air and provide circulation
what are the paranasal sinuses?
fontal, ethmoidal, maxillary, and sphenoidal
what five arteries are the main supplier to the walls of the nasal cavity, and from where do they branch?
-greater palatine <-descending palatine
-superior labial <- facial
-spenopalatine <- maxillary
-anterior and posterior ethmoidal<-opthalamic
what is the Kiesselbach’s area?
anterior part of the nasal cavity where the five arteries anastomose?
where is the oral vestibule?
portion of the nose that sticks out and connects to external nare
what aa/ nerve supply the upper lip?
superior labial a and infraorbital n
what aa/ nerve supply the lower lip?
mental a and mental n
what two arches separate the oral cavity from the oropharynx?
palatopharyngeal and palatoglossal
where are the palatine tonsils located?
oropharynx
what blood vessel supplies the tongue?
lingual a
what are the four extrinsic mm of the tongue?
geniglossys, hyoglossus, styloglossus, and palatoglossus
what nerve provides motor function for the palatoglossal m?
vagus n
what are the four intrinsic mm of the tongue?
superior and inferior longitiudinal, transverse, and vertical
which mm allows you to stick out and curl your tongue?
intrinsic
general vs special senses
-general: internal and external, widely distributed, general sensory, prorpioception
-special: localized and specialized
what is the function of sensory receptors?
translate and transform energies
what is receptor specificity?
receptor responding to one characteristic stimulus
if the sensory receptor filed is larger, what happens to the sensitivity?
increases
unencapsulated vs encapsulated sensory receptors?
-unencapsulated: lack specialized associations and terminal ends
-encapsulated: terminal end enclosed in specialized structure
unencapsulated sensory receptor types
-free nerve endings: general sensory
-tactile discs: light touch, pressure
-hair receptors: monitor movement of hair at follicle (adapt quickly)
encapsulated sensory receptor types
-Meissner’s corpuscle: light touch, sensitive areas (eyelids), loq frequency
-Ruffini corpuscle: deeper pressure (subcutaneous tissue, dermis, genitalia, breasts, joints)
-Pacinian (lamellated) corpuscle: heavy pressure, high frequency (dermis, joints, and sensitive areas)
what is the difference between tonic and phasic receptors?
tonic don’t turn off and phasic will adapt
where are the taste buds located in the tongue?
lingual pappilae
lingual papillae types
-vallate papillae: large and flat topped in v shape
-fungiform papillae: mushroom shaped
-foliate papillae: small lateral folds
true/false: the filiform papillae are sensitive to touch but not taste
true
true/ false: taste sensations pass through the thalamus to the insula
true (only smell goes around thalamus to the limbic system)
what nerve provides sensory (taste and general) innervation to the tongue?
vagus n (base), facial n (anterior), glossopharyngeal (posterior)
what nerve provides motor innervation to the tongue?
hypoglossal except palatoglossal m (vagus)
olfactory epithelium
lines roof of nasal cavity (connects oflactory hairs and receptor cells)
olfactory bulb
contains olfactory nerve fivers and mitral cells
olfactory tract
relays nerve impulses to olfactory cortex, hypothalamus, and limbic system
what do olfactory nerve fibers synapse with in the olfactory bulb?
mitral cells
what are mitral cells?
axons of these form olfactory tract
conjuctiva
moistens sclera and lines external anterior surface of eye
lacrimal glands
produces tears, lubes surface, prevents bacteria, cleans and moistens surface
superior oblique m
innervated by trochlear n; inferiorly and laterally (abduct)
inferior oblique m
innervated by oculomotor n; superiorly and laterally (abduct)
lateral rectus m
innervated by abducens n; moves eye laterally (abduct)
inferior rectus m
innervated by oculomotor n; moves eye inferiorly (adduct)
medial recuts m
innervated by oculomotor n; moves eye inferiorly and medially (adduct)
superior rectus m
innervated by oculomotor n; moves eye superiorly and medially (adduct)
three chambers of the eye
-anterior: cornea and iris/pupil (filled with aqueous humor)
-posterior: iris/pupil and lens
-vitrous: posterior to lens (filled with vitreous humor- maintains shape of eye)
what are the three layers of the eye from external to internal?
fibrous tunic, vitreous tunic, and retina
how does the sclera receive nutrients and oxygen?
choroid
true/ false: cornea is posterior to the lens
false
what is the iris and what does it contain?
colored portion that contains pupil
what is the choroid and what is its function?
layer between the sclera and retina that delivers nutrients to retina
what uses suspensory ligaments to hold the lens in place?
ciliary bodies
what is the function of the ciliary process?
secrete aqueous humor
inner vs outer laters of retina
-inner: neural and light receptive
-outer: pigmented and absorptive
what is the anterior termination of the neural layers of the retina?
ora serrata
what are the light receptors in the retina?
rods (in outer edge of retina)
what are the color receptors?
cones (in fovea centralis)
mascula lutea
where light should be centered, houses cones
fovea centralis
in center of macula lutea, where sharpest eye vision is
optic disc
blind spot and optic n leaves eye
auricle?
funnel around ear
what is the function of cerumen (ear wax)
coats hair and inhibits bacterial growth
what are the strcutres of the external ear?
auricle, auditory canal, and external aucostic meatus
what is the function of the tympanic membrane?
vibrates in response to sound
what are the structures of the inner ear and what are their functions?
-oval window: articulates with stapes
-cochlea: hearing
-semicircular canals: detect rotation/ position of head
-vestibule (utricle and saccule): balance
