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ANSC 2340 > Unit 5 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Unit 5 - Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the upper resp system passages consist of?

A

nostrils
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea

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2
Q

How does the resp system maintain homeostasis?

A

O2 and CO2 saturation in the blood

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3
Q

What are the size and shape of the nostrils dictated by?

A

nasal cartilages

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4
Q

What are some characteristics of the nasal cavity?

A
  • separated longitudinally on the right and left by the nasal septum
  • separated from the oral cavity/mouth by the hard palate
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5
Q

What is the hard palate made out of?

A

calcified cartilage

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6
Q

What does the palate consist of?

A

Hard palate and soft palate

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7
Q

What is the septum made out of?

A

cranial part of the septum is cartilaginous
caudal part of the septum is ossified

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8
Q

What does the mucous membrane cover in the nasal cavity?

A

conchae

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9
Q

What are the three parts of the conchae

A

ventral nasal concha
dorsal nasal concha
middle nasal concha

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10
Q

What are turbinates?

A

thin, scroll-like bones covered with nasal epithelium that occupy most of the lumen of the nasal passages

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11
Q

How do turbinates regulate the air temperature of the nasal cavity?

A

blood vessels swell up

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12
Q

What are the meatuses?

A

air space that the conchae divides

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13
Q

What are the three sections of the meatuses?

A

ventral nasal meatus
middle nasal meatus
dorsal nasal meatus

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14
Q

How is a nasogastric feeding tube inserted anatomically?

A

introduced into the nasal cavity through the nostrils, passes through the ventral meatus, the pharynx and is directed to the esophagus

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15
Q

What are the functions of the meatuses?

A

keep air,
warm
clean
humidified

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16
Q

What does the lining of the nasal cavity consist of?

A

presence of mucus - produced by mucus glands

pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia projecting from the cell surfaces

presence of blood vessels beneath the nasal epithelium

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17
Q

What are the functions of the mucus and cilia in the lining of the nasal cavity?

A

clean and humidify the air

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18
Q

What is the function of the nasal cavity?

A

warming
humidifying
filtering

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19
Q

Why are the turbinates scroll-shaped?

A

increase the surface area of the nasal lining

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20
Q

How does the warming, humidifying and filtering happen in the nasal cavity?

A

air gets humidified by the mucus on the epithelial surface

The blood flow is responsible for warming the air

filtering the air is important to prevent particles from reaching the lungs
the twists and turns of the turbinates combined with the mucus and cilia acts to filter the inhaled air

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21
Q

What is the function of the sinuses?

A

air-filled cavities of the nasal passages located in the skull bones

also have cilia and mucus to deal with dirt and foreign debris

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22
Q

What is the function of the pharynx?

A

a common soft tissue conduit for food and air, lying caudal to the oral and nasal cavities

divided by the soft palate into the nasal and oral pharynx (nasopharynx and oropharynx)

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23
Q

Where does the pharynx open?

A

dorsal into the digestive pathway

opens ventrally into the respiratory passageway

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24
Q

What does the epiglottis do?

A

changes depending on respiration vs swallowing

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25
Q

What are some characteristics of the larynx?

A

short irregular tube that connects the pharynx with the trachea

It is made up mainly of segments of cartilage that are connected to each other and the surrounding tissues by muscles

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26
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

projects forward from the ventral portion of the larynx

when the animal swallows the epiglottis covers the opening from the larynx

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27
Q

What are the three main functions of the larynx?

A
  • control of airflow to and from the lungs
  • prevention of foreign material being inhaled
  • produces the basic sound of an animals voice
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28
Q

What is the structure of the trachea?

A
  • wide cylindrical tube extending from larynx and then divides into right & left bronchi
  • the gap between the ends of each ring is bridged by smooth muscle
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29
Q

What is the trachea made out of?

A

made up of dorsally incomplete C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings to keep trachea open

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30
Q

What is the purpose of the smooth muscle at the bridging at the C-shape cartilage?

A

allows the expansion of the esophagus needed depending on the size of the food bolus

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31
Q

What is the trachea lined with?

A

lined by ciliated epithelium to catch debris which get directed to pharynx to be swallowed

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32
Q

What are the parts of the lower respiratory tract?

A

lungs, lung structure (bronchi, ends with alveoli)

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33
Q

What is the bronchial tree?

A
  • trachea divides into the right and left bronchi
  • bronchi divide into secondary and tertiary bronchi
  • branching into terminal brionchioles
34
Q

What are the alveolar ducts?

A

the smallest air passageways that the bronchioles subdivide into

35
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Groups that alveolar ducts end in

36
Q

What are alveolar sacs?

A

groups of alveoli

37
Q

What is the structure of alveoli?

A

tiny, thing-walled sac surrounded by network of capillaries, very thin wall allows gas exchange by diffusion

38
Q

What is the function of alveoli?

A

site of external respiration: gas exchange between lungs and blood, exchange of gas through diffusion
Gradient of O2 and CO2 allows for exchange
O2 in inhaled air is going to make its way into these numerous alveoli

39
Q

What is the structure of the walls of the alveoli?

A

made up of the thinnest epithelium in the body to facilitate diffusion, main barrier between the air and the blood, O2 freely diffuses between the air and blood

40
Q

What is the concentration gradient of the alveoli gas exchange?

A

high to low
- high level of O2 in air diffuses into blood where level is lower
- high level of CO2 in blood diffuses into air where level is lower

41
Q

What is the percentage of O2 and CO2 that inhaled air contains?

A

21% O2
0.03% CO2

42
Q

What are the levels of O2 and CO2 in the capillary blood around the aoveoli?

A

low O2
high CO2

43
Q

Where are blood vessels in the lungs?

A

everywhere, the blood vessels follow and subdivide along with the bronchial tree

44
Q

What is the name for the subsections that the lungs are divided into?

A

lobes, they can be identified by external grooves

45
Q

Which lung is slightly larger?

A

The right lung is slightly larger, it has 3 lobes, because heart is on the left side

46
Q

How many lobes do cats, cows, dogs, goats, pigs and sheep have in their lungs?

A

3 lobes in left lung
4 lobes in right lung

47
Q

How many lobes do horses have in their lungs?

A

2 lobes in left lung
3 lobes in right lung

48
Q

What are three characteristics of the lungs?

A
  • spongy, air-filled organs
  • within the lungs, the blood vessels basically follow and subdivide along with the bronchial tree
  • it has an expandable capacity and will inflate with the inhaled air
49
Q

What are the contents of the thoracic cavity?

A

its contents include the lungs, heart, trachea and esophagus

50
Q

What is the thoracic cavity bound by?

A
  • thorcic vertebrae dorsally
  • the ribs and intercostal muscles laterally
  • the sternum ventrally
51
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

thin sheet of skeletal muscle that forms the caudal boundary of the thorax

52
Q

What does the diaphragm separate?

A

It separates the thoracic cavity and the abdomen

53
Q

What is the function of the diaphragm?

A

helps the lungs to get air inside, when it contracts it creates a negative (lower) pressure allowing the air to come in

54
Q

What are intercostal muscles?

A

muscles in between the ribs, allow the ribs to expand

55
Q

What is the pleura?

A

a single layer of cells fused to the surface of a connective tissue that envelopes the lungs

56
Q

What are the two layers of the pleura?

A

parietal pleura - lines the cavity (outside)
visceral pleura - covers the thoracic organs and structures (inside)

57
Q

What’s the intrapleural space?

A

space between the parietal and visceral pleura

58
Q

What is inside the intrapleural space?

A

lubrification fluid

59
Q

What is the function of the intrapleural space and the pleura fluid?

A

When the thoracic cavity expands, it pulls the walls of the lungs outwards through fluid tension

60
Q

What is the main feature of pulmonary ventilation?

A

air flows from an area of higher pressure to an area of low pressure, causes the volume changes that causes the changes in pressure

61
Q

What occurs in the rib cage and diaphragm during resting mode of pulmonary ventilation?

A

rib cage and diaphragm are at rest

62
Q

What is the pressure inside and outside during resting mode in pulmonary ventilation?

A

pressures inside and outside lungs are equal

63
Q

Is there any air movement in resting mode in pulmonary ventilation?

A

no

64
Q

What happens during inspiration?

A

elevation of the rib cage and contraction/flattening of the diaphragm occurs (enlargement of the thoracic cavity), which increases the volume of the thoracic cavity, this lowers the intrapulmonary pressure within the lungs and the air flows in

65
Q

What happens during expiration?

A

The rib cage returns to its original position and the diaphragm relaxes, this decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity and increases the intrapulmonic pressure within the lungs and the air flows out

66
Q

Draw the graph of the ventilation process (expiration and inspiration)

A

draw!

67
Q

Where does the voice production process start and what are the structures involved?

A

in the larynx, two fibrous connective tissue bands called the vocal cords stretch across the lumen of the larynx and vibrate as air passes over them - produces the basic sound of an animal, thorax, nose, mouth, pharynx and sinuses contribute too

68
Q

What are the three functions of the larynx?

A

voice production, prevention of foreign materials being inhaled, and control of airflow to and from the lungs

69
Q

What are the main cartilages of the larynx?

A

epiglottis, arytenoid, thyroid, cricoid cartilages

70
Q

What is the trachea made up of?

A

tube of fibrous tissue and smooth muscle held open by hyaline C-shaped cartilage rings and lined by the same kind of ciliated epithelium that is present in the nasal passages

71
Q

What is the gap of the C shaped hyaline cartilage of the trachea bridged by?

A

smooth muscle

72
Q

How are the bronchi diameter adjusted?

A

The diameter of the bronchi can be adjusted by smooth muscle fibres in its wall

73
Q

What walls are the thinnesst epithelium in the body?

A

The walls of the alveolus is the thinnest epithelium in the body - simple squamous epithelium

74
Q

What is each alveolus lined with?

A

thin layer of fluid that contains surfactant

75
Q

what is surfactant?

A

helps reduce surface tension of the fluid that prevents the alveoli from collapsing as air moves in/out during breathing

76
Q

What is pleura?

A

Thin membrane called pleura covers the organs - visceral layer of pleura lines the organs and parietal layer of pleura line the thoracic cavity, pleural fluid exists between the membranes

77
Q

What are the inspiratory muscles?

A

diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles

78
Q

How do the inspiratory muscles expand the thoracic cavity?

A

diaphragm is dome shaped when relaxed, enlarges the thoracic cavity by flattening its dome shape
external intercostal muscles move the ribs upward to expand thoracic cavity

79
Q

What are the expiratory muscles?

A

internal intercostal muscles and the abdominal muscles

80
Q

How do the expiratory muscles decrease the size of the thoracic cavity?

A

internal intercostal muscles rotate the ribs backward which decreases the size of the thoracic cavity and pushes air out of the lungs
abdominal muscles push abdominal organs against the diaphragm which pushed it back upward to a cone shape

81
Q

Which direction of concentration does gas exchange take place?

A

area of high concentration to area of low concentration

ANSC 2340 (13 decks)

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