Unit 5 - Protection 💛 Flashcards
What are the functions of the skin?
Protection, sensation, temperature regulation
Protection by skin
It is the first defense against pathogens
Sensation by skin
It alerts the body of danger through the sensation of pain
Temperature regulation by skin
It insulated us to maintain our internal temperature. Lose or retain heat by shifting the diameter of blood vessels in skin.
What types of tissues make up the layers of skin?
Epithelial tissue, fat tissue, connective tissue
Epidermis
Top layer of skin. Not sensitive and not vascular.
Dermis
Below the epidermis. Very sensitive.
Hypodermis
Below the dermis
Has fat tissue and connective tissues
Blood vessels penetrate which layers?
Hypodermis and dermis
Hair follicles in skin
Begin in hypodermis, ends above epidermis.
Proteins in skin are?
Collagen, elastin, and keratin
Collagen and elastin
Found in dermis and make skin smooth and look young
Keratin
Fibrous protein part of epidermis and the main component of hair.
Sweat glands role in skin
Sweat glands in hypodermis and empty out of epidermis. Endocrine glands. To cool the body. Large glands in armpits and crotch area. Controlled by nervous system and hormones. Have special cells that squeeze the glands.
Sebaceous glands role in skin
Being in hypodermis Empty through pores in epidermis Secrete sebum to lubricate and waterproof skin and hair Mainly on face and scalp Not on palms and soles Eyelids sebaceous glands secrete tears
Aging on the skin
Elastin deteriorates causing skin to sag and stretch. Skin bruises and tears easier. Takes longer to heal
Sunlight on skin
Wrinkles and spots
Speeds aging process
Increases cancer
Melanin is a pigment in skin to combat sunlight
1st degree burn
Damages epithelium
Painful and tender
2nd degree burn
Damages epithelium and top of dermis
Very painful
3rd degree burn
Damages epithelium and dermis
Little to no pain
Burn damage affect on skeletal system
Bone marrow works to replace rbcs destroyed by burnt skin. Blood transfusions may be needed.
Burn damage affect on circulatory system
BP and blood volume drop
Decreasing blood flow and oxygenation can lead to shock or death
Burn damage affect on muscle system
Metabolism increases and the body starts to consume muscle mass
Burn damage affect on nervous system
K+ levels become abnormal making nerve transmissions irregular
Burn damage affect on respiratory system
Rate of breathing can increase from higher metabolism and edema. Drama of throat can obstruct the airways
Burn damage affect on endocrine system
Adrenaline secretions can raise body temperature and increase metabolism
Burn damage affect on lymphatic system
System under strain from inflammation due to damages tissues
Burn damage affect on immune system
Becomes less effective because the first line of defense is the skin and the skin is burnt
Burn damage affect on digestive system
Intestinal lining increases absorption of nutrients to support metabolism and repair cells
Burn damage affect on urinary system
Kidney increases reabsorption to compensate for loss fluid. Can damage kidneys.
Role of pain
Alert body to a risk of tissue damage so the person can remove risk. The higher the risk the greater the pain.
Processing of pain
Received by naked nerve endings
Physical discomfort
Normally person removes source of pain
Releases endorphins to reduce perception of pain and give feeling of euphoria and an increase immune response.
Risk from lack of pain
If you don’t feel pain you won’t remove threat and would suffer more damage.
It doesn’t help with long term pain like cancer however
How does the skeletal system assist with protection in the body?
The bone marrow produced blood, including the white blood cells that are part of the immune system.
Bones also protect internal organs (heart, lungs, brain) from damage.
Compact bone
Outside layer of the bone and most of the diaphysis. Osteons are close together.
Spongy bone
Found inside short, flat, and irregular bones. Also in the epiphysis(top ends) of long bones.
How does the overall structure of bone provide great strength and flexibility, but keep bone from being too bulky and heavy?
Cells are hollow and have paper thin walls letting the bone be light weight. Calcium and phosphorus give bone strength. 1/2 of bone is soft and alive letting bones bend. Every bone cell is replaced every 7 years
What is an x-ray
An invisible type of high energy radiation. Soft tissues have small atoms that don’t absorb x-ray photons. The calcium in bones let it absorb x-rays well causing the picture of bones to show.
What is a comminuted fracture
Breaks in several pieces, splintered and crushed
What is a depression fracture
Fragment is pushed down mainly to blow to the skull
What is a compression fracture
Collapse of vertebrae mainly due to osteoporosis (holes in bones), tumors, or being ejected from an ejection seat
What is a transverse fracture
Complete break at the right angle to bone axis, often from direct blow.
What is a oblique fracture
Break has curved/slopes pattern often causes by slanted blow
What is a spiral fracture
Caused by twisting force on bone such as rotation to leg during skiing
What is a green stick fracture
Incomplete, bone is bent and partially broken. Most common form in kids.
What is a open fracture
Bone breaks though skin. Greater risk of infection
What is a closed fracture
Bone breaks but doesn’t puncture skin.
How can damage to a bone affect other human body systems?
Fat tissue from bone marrow can leak into blood causing fat embolism syndrome which causes lung problems and seizures. If the skin breaks then pathogens can enter wound and cause infection.
What is bone remodeling
Bone remodeling is the lifelong process where mature bone tissue is removed from skeleton (bone resorption) and new bone tissues is formed (ossification). This occurs all the time but speeds up if a bone is broken
How do osteoclast assist with bone remodeling
Osteoclasts break away at old bone from the skeleton
How do osteoblasts assist with bone remodeling
Osteoblasts form new bone turning into osteocytes and maintaining the form of the bone.
What is the relationship between bone remodeling and blood calcium levels
A decrease in calcium tells parathyroid hormone to release PTH which tells osteoclasts to break bone thus releasing calcium into blood. Increase concentration tells thyroid gland to signal release calcitonin which tells osteoblasts to form more bone. The spreads up bone remodeling.
How do hormones assist in the maintenance of healthy bone and the release of calcium to be used in other body processes.
Hormones maintain the amount of calcium in and out of the blood. PTH and calcitonin are the ones that regulate calcium concentration.
What are the four main stages of healing that occur after a bone fracture.
1 formation of hematoma
2 formation of fibrocartilagious callus
3 formation of bony callus
4 bone is restored.
What lifestyle choices relate to the overall strength and protective properties of bone?
Tobacco alcohol and smoking do not help. Exercise and better eating habits keep bone healthy and strong.
What body systems function to protect the body
Integumentary provides skin initial protection.
Muscular and skeletal- physical rigidity
Immune- viruses and chemical protection
How does the structure of the lymphatic system relate to its function?
The lymphatic system must be widespread around the whole body to ensure full absorption and secretion
What is an antigen
Am antigen is a characteristic of a cell that identifies it from others
An antibody?
An antibody targets antigens that it perceives as a threat than clumps them.
What is specific immunity
A specific immunity is an aspect of your body that only protects against one problem.
What role do lymphocytes play in specific immunity
Lymphocytes are used for inflammation. Alerting. And killing viruses
How does your body react the second time it is exposed to a particular antigen?
Memory cells are alerted to create antibodies that are proven to work for that virus.
How do circulating antibodies protect a person from receiving incompatible blood during transfusion?
In this case. Coagulation occurs to alert the change in blood type when the antibodies interact.
How do medical professionals in different fields assist with burn care.
Burn care nurse Anesthesiologists Reconstruction surgeon Physical therapist Phycologist
