Unit 5 Part A

Question 1

aquaculture

Answer 1

the cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions, usually involving raising fish in underwater tanks or in ponds.

Question 2

artificial selection

Answer 2

breeding organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with those traits; animals and crops

Question 3

bycatch

Answer 3

the unintentional catch of nontarget species while fishing, or juveniles.

Question 4

CAFO

Answer 4

Concentrated animal feeding operation; raising a large number of animals bred to gain weight quickly., in crowded buildings. Usually must use antibiotics to prevent disease from spreading easily through the population; nutrient supplements, confined, little movement

Question 5

clearcutting

Answer 5

the process of cutting down all the trees in an area at once; easiest and most economical; often stands are replanted

Question 6

selective cutting

Answer 6

cutting down only some trees in a forest and leaving a mix of tree sizes and species behind. less erosion and biodiversity

Question 7

contour plowing

Answer 7

agricultural technique in which harvesting and plowing are done parallel to the topographic contours of the land

Question 8

crop rotation

Answer 8

the system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land, also part of IPM

Question 9

chronic hunger

Answer 9

faulty nutrition, caused by a diet that does not supply an individual with enough protein, fats, vitamins, etc.

Question 10

desertification

Answer 10

degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing and tree cutting

Question 11

drip irrigation

Answer 11

the process of using small pipes that slowly drip water just above ground to conserve water use for crops; most efficient, reduces weed growth, useful in perennials, more money, and might need to remove to plow.

Question 12

ecological footprint

Answer 12

the impact of a person or community on the environment expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources.

Question 13

EIS

Answer 13

environmental impact statement; a formal analysis required for any major federal action that will significantly affect the quality of the environment to determine the actions impact and explore alternatives, required by the 1969 National Environmental Policy Act.

Question 14

Eminent domain

Answer 14

the right of the government to take private property for public use.

Question 15

environmental indicator

Answer 15

a value or measure that provides information about the state of the environment; biological diversity, food production, human population, etc.

Question 16

environmental mitigation plan

Answer 16

a plan that outlines how a developer will address concerns raised by a projects impact on the environment.

Question 17

externality

Answer 17

an economic side effect of a good or service that generates benefits or costs to someone other than the person deciding how much to produce or consume

Question 18

energy subsidy

Answer 18

the energy input per calorie of food produced

Question 19

famine

Answer 19

a severe shortage of food (as through crop failure) resulting in violent starvation, hunger and death

Question 20

feedlot

Answer 20

a plot of land where animals are fattened for market

Question 21

organic fertilizer

Answer 21

fertilizer composed of organic matter from plants and animals, slow-acting and long-lasting because the organic remains need time to decompose

Question 22

synthetic fertilizer

Answer 22

fertilizers created from chemical processes with the use of fossil fuels.

Question 23

fishery collapse

Answer 23

the decline of a fish population by 90% or more, usually caused by tragedy of the commons

Question 24

food security

Answer 24

physical, social and economical acces to food at all times; nutritious or unhealthy food, you pick.

Question 25

food insecurity

Answer 25

being without reliable access to sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food.

Question 26

free range grazing

Answer 26

raising livestock on rangelands, most common in US, using less fossil fuel energy than feedlots, but can lead to overgrazing

Question 27

fungicide

Answer 27

substance that kills fungi or inhibits their growth

Question 28

furrow irrigation

Answer 28

digging trenched and filling them with water, low effort and cheap, but can cause waterlogging and salinizaition

Question 29

GMO

Answer 29

genetically modified organisms; new organisms created by altering the genetic material (DNA) of existing organisms; usually in attempt to remove undesirable or create desirable characteristics in the new organism

Question 30

gill nets

Answer 30

drag net or line with hooks along bottom of ocean. produces bycatch

Question 31

green manure

Answer 31

freshly cut or still-growing green vegetation that is plowed into the oil to increase the organic matter and humus available to support crop growth

Question 32

green revolution

Answer 32

Agricultural revolution that increased production through improved seeds, fertilizers, irrigation, industrialized agriculture, machinery, mechanization, pesticide use, monocropping, etc.

Question 33

herbicide

Answer 33

substance for killing plants, especially weeds

Question 34

insecticide

Answer 34

chemical to kill insects

Question 35

impervious surfaces

Answer 35

surfaces that don’t observe water; roads, sidewalks

Question 36

industrial agriculture

Answer 36

mechanization and standardization applied to food production

Question 37

infill

Answer 37

the process of filling in empty or run down parts of a city with new development

Question 38

intercropping

Answer 38

an agricultural method in which two or more crop species are planted in the same field at the same time to promote a synthetic interaction