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Computer Science > Unit 5 : Network and Web Technologies > Flashcards

Unit 5 : Network and Web Technologies Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the characteristics of a network

A
  • A network is the name given to two or more computers connected together with the ability to transmit data between each other. There are two main types of networks: Local Area Networks and Wide area networks
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2
Q

What is a LAN

A
  • Local area network (or LAN) is the name given to a network which is spread over a small geographical area or a single site, for example: a school
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3
Q

What is a Wan

A
  • A wide area network (or WAN) is the name given to a network which is spread over a large geographical area.
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4
Q

what is a physical topology

A
  • the physical layout of the wires and components which form the network. Examples include bus, star and mesh.
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5
Q

what is a logical topology

A
  • the layout which shows how data flows.
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6
Q

What is a bus topology

A
  • In a bus topology, all the terminals (devices) are connected to a backbone cable, the ends of which are plugged into a
    terminator.
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7
Q

Advantages of the Bus topology

A

● Relatively inexpensive to set up
● Doesn’t require any additional hardware

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8
Q

Disadvantages of the Bus topology

A

● If backbone cable fails, the entire network gets disconnected
● As traffic increases, performance decreases
● All computers can see the data transmission

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9
Q

What is a a star topology

A
  • Star topologies use a central node, often a
    switch, to direct data through the network.
    Every device on the network is connected
    to the switch.
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10
Q

Advantages of Star Topology

A

● Performance is consistent even with heavy network traffic
● If one cable fails, only that station is affected
● Easy to add new stations

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11
Q

Disadvantages of Star Topology

A

● Expensive due to switch and cabling
● If the central switch fails the rest of the network fails

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12
Q

What is the mesh topology

A
  • In a mesh topology, every node is connected to every other node. Mesh topologies are most commonly found with wireless technology such as Wi-Fi.
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13
Q

What are the advantages of mesh topology

A
  • No cabling cost
  • As nodes increase, the reliability and speed of network becomes better
  • Nodes automatically get incorporated
  • It’s faster since nodes don’t go through a central switch
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14
Q

What are the disadvantages of mesh topology

A
  • You have to purchase devices with wireless capabilities
  • Maintaining the network is difficult
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15
Q

What are protocols

A

● Sets of rules defining how two devices communicate with each other
● Need to be standard so all devices can communicate, regardless of manufacturer

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16
Q

What is the TCP/IP stack

A

● Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
● A stack of networking protocols that work together passing packets during communication

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17
Q

What is the application layer

A
  • Based at the top of the stack
  • Specifies what protocol needs to be used in order to relate the application that’s being sent
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18
Q

What is the transport layer

A

○ Uses the TCP to establish an end-to-end connection between the source and recipient computer
○ Splits up data into packets
○ Labels packets with their packet number
○ Requests retransmission of any lost packets

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19
Q

What is the network layer

A

○ Adds source and destination IP addresses
○ Routers operate on the network layer and the router is what uses the IP addresses to forward the packets

20
Q

What is the link layer

A

○ The connection between the network devices
○ Adds the MAC address identifying the Network Interface Cards of the source and destination computers

21
Q

What order do the packets go in for the sender

A
  • Application Layer
  • Transport Layer
  • Network Layer
  • Link Layer
22
Q

What order do the packets go in for the recipitent

A
  • In reverse
  1. Link Layer
    ■ Removes the MAC addresses
  2. Network Layer
    ■ Removes the IP addresses
  3. Transport Layer
    ■ Removes the port number and reassembles the packets
  4. Application layer
    ■ Presents the data to the recipient in the form it was sent
23
Q

What is a DNS

A

● Domain Name System
● The system given to the method of naming internet resources
● A hierarchy where each smaller domain is separated from the larger domain by a full stop
● DNS server translates domain names into IP addresses when we access a website.

24
Q

What is circuit switching

A

○ A method of communication where a direct link is created between two devices
○ Link maintained for the entire conversation
○ The two devices must transfer and receive data at the same rate

25
Q

What is packet switching

A

○ A method of communicating packets of data across a network
○ A packet is just a section of the data
○ Packets aren’t limited to a single route

26
Q

What are the advantages of circuit switching

A
  • The data arrives in a logical order which results in a quicker reconstruction of the data.
  • This enables two uses to hold a call without delay in speech.
27
Q

What are the disadvantages of circuit switching

A
  • Bandwidth is wasted during periods of time where no data is sent
  • The devices must transfer and receive data at the same rate
  • Since switches are used, electrical interference is produced which can corrupt or lose data
28
Q

What are the advantages of packet switching

A
  • There are multiple methods to ensure data arrives (check Checksum and Cyclic Redundancy Check)
  • There is more than one method of getting to the other devices, so if one path breaks you can use another
  • You can transfer packets over very large networks to allow communication globally
29
Q

What are the disadvantages of packet switching

A
  • Time is spent deconstructing and reconstructing the data packets
30
Q

What are data packets

A

● Segments of data
● Contain various pieces of information

○ Header
■ Sender and the recipient’s IP addresses
■ Protocol being used
■ Order of the packets
■ Time To Live / Hop Limit

○ Payload
■ The raw data

○ Trailer
■ Checksum, or cyclic redundancy check

31
Q

What is a firewall

A

● Devices designed to prevent unauthorised access to a network
● Consist of two network interface cards (NICs), in-between the user and their internet connection.
● Pass packets between these two NICs and compares them against a set of rules (packet filters) set by the firewall software

● Perform packet filtering / static filtering (Limit network access in accordance with administrator rules and policies)

32
Q

What are proxy servers

A

● Act as an intermediary, collecting and sending the data on behalf of the user
● Protect the privacy of the user who remains anonymous
● Cache frequently used website data making it faster to load
● Reduce the web traffic
● Can be used by administrators to prevent access to sensitive or irrelevant information at work or at school

33
Q

What is encryption

A

● A way of keeping data secure when transmitting over the Internet

34
Q

What is a Network Interface Card (NICs)

A

● Required to connect to a network
● Assign a unique Media Access Control (MAC) address to each device

35
Q

What is a switch

A

● Used to direct the flow of data across the network
● Most commonly used in a star topology

36
Q

What is a Wireless Access Point (WAPs)

A

● Allow devices to connect to a network wirelessly
● More commonly used to connect devices to a router which can allow internet access
● Used in mesh networks

37
Q

What is a router

A

● Used to connect two or more networks together
● One network will often belong to the ISP’s network (internet service providers’ network) allowing the network to connect to the internet

38
Q

What are gateways

A

● Used when protocols aren’t the same between networks
● Translate protocols so that both networks have the same protocols
● Remove the header from packets before the remaining data is added with the new protocol of the new network in mind

39
Q

What is a client server

A

● Client-Server networks have terminals known as clients connected to a server
● The server is just a powerful central computer
● The server holds all of the important information and has extra processing power and the clients can request to use it

40
Q

What are the advantages of a client server

A

● More secure
● Central backups eliminate the need for client backups
● Sharing data and resources between clients

41
Q

What are the disadvantages of a client server

A

● Expensive to set up
● Staff with training are required to maintain the server

42
Q

What is a Peer-to-Peer Network

A

● Computers are connected to each other so that they can share files
● Inexpensive to set up
● Allow users to share resources
● Easy to maintain

43
Q

What is a search engine

A

● A search engine is a program that searches through a database of internet addresses looking for resources based on a criteria set by the client.
● Search engines rely on an index of web pages, web crawlers are used to collect the information it works by traversing the internet web page by webpage looking for linked sites.
● The web crawlers collect keywords and phrases from the web page. Web crawlers also collect the meta data from websites this is the information specified by the website owner.

44
Q

What is server side processing

A

Server side processing is when a client sends data to a server for it to be processed. This means no information is processed on the client computer. The common server side scripting languages are SQL or PHP. Server side processing is beneficial for a few reasons:

● Doesn’t require plugins etc
● Can perform large calculations much faster than clients,
● Not browser dependent,
● It’s more secure

45
Q

What is client side processing

A

Client side processing is when a client processes the data on its local device. This means all of the information is processed on the client computer. This is also called client side scripting, and uses languages such as JavaScript. This is beneficial for a few reasons:

● Webpage can immediately respond to user actions,
● Execute quickly,
● Gives developers more control over the behaviour and look of the website,

Computer Science (8 decks)

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