Unit 5 Lecture exam

Question 1

The respiratory system allows oxygen into the blood so that it
can be delivered to body cells for ATP production, a series of
chemical reactions collectively referred to as ________. The
respiratory system also allows an exit point for carbon
dioxide, which is a waste product of this same process.

Answer 1

Cellular respiration

Question 2

_______ is the technical term for the movement of air into
the lungs.

Answer 2

Inspiration

Question 3

_______ is the technical term for movement of air out of the lungs

Answer 3

Expiration

Question 4

The ______ muscles are embedded between the rib bones
and help you to breathe very deeply in and out above normal restful breathing

Answer 4

Intercostal

Question 5

In the pulmonary circuit, arteries and arterioles carry _______
blood

Answer 5

Deoxygenated

Question 6

In the pulmonary circuit, venules and veins carry ______
blood.

Answer 6

Oxygenated

Question 7

As you breath in through your mouth and/or nose, air first
passes through this passageway (labeled A in diagram to the
right) at the back of your throat. Food and liquids also pass
through this area when you are eating.

Answer 7

Pharynx

Question 8

The other cells that make of the walls of the terminal air sacs,
called ______, are very thin so that gases can diffuse rapidly
through them, in or out of the blood.

Answer 8

Type 1 pneumocytes

Question 9

Gases, like liquids, always move down a _____ gradient, from high to low. (Choose from: concentration, osmotic, or pressure)

Answer 9

Pressure

Question 10

Air is a mixed gas, made up of many individual gases like nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. There is also a little water vapor mixed in for good measure. This gas law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted by the individual gases.

Answer 10

Dalton’s Law

Question 11

When we refer to the pressure of a single gas in a mixture, we put a “P” in front of the gas abbreviation (e.g., PO2). The “P” indicates, we are talking about the ______ for that specific gas (i.e., O2 in this case).

Answer 11

Partial pressure

Question 12

As the volume of your thoracic cavity and lungs increase, the pressure inside will decrease. Likewise, when the volume of your thoracic cavity and lungs decrease, the pressure inside will increase. This inverse relationship between pressure and volume represents this gas law.

Answer 12

Boyle’s Law

Question 13

To see the law mentioned in the previous question in action, look at Figure 17.8 in your textbook. As the diaphragm contracts and flattens, that increases the volume of your lungs and decreases the pressure inside to a level just below the constant atmospheric pressure. When this happens, you will ________. (Inspire or Expire)

Answer 13

Inspire

Question 14

By contrast, when your diaphragm relaxes, it goes back to its original dome shape. This decreases the volume of your lungs and increases the pressure inside to a level just above the constant atmospheric pressure. When this happens, you will _______. (Inspire or Expire)

Answer 14

Expire

Question 15

Time is on the X-axis and the volume of air in the lungs is on the Y-axis. If you “breath quietly”, the volume of air that moves during a single inspiration or expiration is called _______.

Answer 15

Tidal volume

Question 16

After you take a normal, restful breath in, there is still a lot of lung volume yet to be used. The lung volume above restful breathing that you tap into during exercise is called _______.

Answer 16

Inspiratory reserve volume

Question 17

A lung capacity is the sum of two or more lung volumes. The sum of the volumes named in the previous two questions is the ________.

Answer 17

Inspiratory capacity

Question 18

If you do a normal restful exhale and then forcibly push all the remaining air out of your lungs, you are evacuating this volume.

Answer 18

Expiratory reserve volume

Question 19

Not all the air can be forced out of your respiratory system, since the larynx, trachea, and bronchi can’t completely collapse. This volume of air that can’t be exhaled is called the ________.

Other Incorrect Match Options:
Osmotic
Total lung capacity
Concentration
Vital capacity
Henry’s Law

Answer 19

Residual volume

Question 20

Since oxygen is such an important ingredient in ATP production, it is very dangerous if oxygen levels fall in body tissues. A lack of ATP means there is not enough energy available to maintain homeostasis and cells start to die. This condition is called ______.

Answer 20

Hypoxia

Question 21

An equally dangerous situation is when the level of carbon dioxide rises above its set point around the body. This condition is called _____.

Answer 21

Hypercapnia

Question 22

Blood leaving the lungs is typically called “oxygenated blood” since it contains the normal set point for oxygen. That set point is _____.

Answer 22

100mmHg

Question 23

This oxygenated blood also contains the ideal set point for carbon dioxide, which is ______.

Answer 23

40 mmHg

Question 24

When oxygenated (or arterial) blood reaches a systemic capillary bed, oxygen will diffuse out of the blood and into body cells, since those body cells contain a PO2 that is (less than or greater than) the PO2 in oxygenated blood.

Answer 24

Less than

Question 25

Also at systemic capillaries, body cells are producing carbon dioxide through normal cellular respiration. Therefore, carbon dioxide will diffuse into the blood, since its level in these body cells is (less than or greater than) the PCO2 in the blood.

Answer 25

Greater than

Question 26

Deoxygenated (or venous) blood then returns back to the right side of the heart and then travels to the lungs. Deoxygenated blood typically contains a PO2 of _______ or less, depending on the metabolic activity of the body cells it just visited.

Answer 26

40 mmHg

Question 27

Deoxygenated blood has lost much of its oxygen, but it has gained carbon dioxide. This kind of blood typically contains a PCO2 of _____ or more, depending on the metabolic activity of the cells it visited.

Answer 27

46 mmHg

Question 28

Since deoxygenated (or venous) blood has a greater PCO2 than oxygenated (or arterial) blood, it is slightly (more acidic or more alkaline) than oxygenated blood. Basically, this question is showing you that there is an inverse relationship between PCO2 in blood and its pH. We will talk more about that in our respiratory system lectures. Other Incorrect Match Options: More alkaline

Answer 28

More acidic

Question 29

Each hemoglobin molecule contains four _____, which are the binding sites for oxygen. These regions contain one iron ion each.

Answer 29

Heme groups

Question 30

Hemoglobin exhibits a property called _______, where binding each oxygen molecule progressively increases its affinity for more oxygen.

Answer 30

Cooperative binding

Question 31

Areas of the body that are working hard and producing a lot of ATP will also have high levels of CO2. An enzyme called _______ converts that CO2 and H2O into H+ ions and HCO3- (bicarbonate) ions.

Answer 31

Carbonic anhydrase

Question 32

Therefore, areas of the body that are metabolically active will be (more acidic or more alkaline) than areas of the body that are less active, due to an abundance of H+ ions in those active tissues.

Answer 32

More acidic

Question 33

CO2 and H+ can both ________ inhibit hemoglobin. This explains HOW hemoglobin can have a variable affinity for O2 in different body areas.

Answer 33

Allosterically

Question 34

This video showed you that there is a (direct or indirect) relationship between metabolic activity (measured by CO2 and H+ levels) and the amount of O2 that hemoglobin drops off at those tissues.

Answer 34

Direct

Question 35

In the left diagram above, structure G is the _____, which is a temporary holding tank for urine until you can find a socially-acceptable place to release it upon the world.

Answer 35

Bladder

Question 36

In the left diagram above, structure F is the _______, which is a tube that urine passes through after it has been filtered out of the blood.

Answer 36

Ureter

Question 37

In the left diagram, the bean-shaped organ labeled as structure A is the organ that filters waste out of your blood. This organ also helps to regulate blood pressure (total blood volume), erythrocyte production, blood pH levels, and blood solute levels. Phew! It works really hard!

Answer 37

Kidney

Question 38

In the left diagram, “dirty” blood flows into the filtering organ via the structure labeled C (also labeled E in the right diagram), which is called the ________.

Answer 38

Renal artery

Question 39

In the left diagram, “cleaner” blood flows out of the kidneys via the structure labeled D (also labeled D in the right diagram), which is called the _______. This “cleaner” blood then flows back to the heart.

Answer 39

Renal vein

Question 40

The final tube that urine travels through as it exits the body is called the _______. This structure is labeled B in the left diagram above.

Answer 40

Urethra

Question 41

In the right diagram, the filtering organ of the Urinary System and its internal features are shown in greater detail. This organ is composed to two layers. The technical term for the outer layer (labeled B) is the ______.

Answer 41

Renal cortex

Question 42

Also in the right diagram, the inner layer of the filtering organ (labeled C) is organized into pyramidal structures. The technical term for this layer is called the _______.

Answer 42

Renal medulla

Question 43

There is an endocrine gland that sits on top of each filtering organ. It is labeled A in the right diagram. That structure is called the _______.

Answer 43

Adrenal gland

Question 44

Nephrons are the microscopic structures in each filtering organ that collect waste from the blood and concentrate it into urine. Nephrons are mostly located in this layer of tissue within the filtering organs.

Answer 44

Renal cortex

Question 45

In each nephron, there is a portal system, where one capillary network flows into a second capillary network before returning back to the heart. The first set (or ball) of capillaries in the nephron through which blood flows is called the ______ and is labeled C in the diagram above. This is where approximately 20% of blood’s waste content is filtered out for each pass through the kidneys.

Answer 45

Glomerulus

Question 46

The blood vessel labeled H above is an arteriole that supplies blood into the ball of capillaries mentioned in the previous question. That arteriole is called the ______.

Answer 46

Afferent arteriole

Question 47

After blood leaves the initial ball of capillaries, a second arteriole carries it towards the second capillary network. That arteriole is labeled I above and is called the _______.

Answer 47

Efferent arteriole

Question 48

The initial part of the nephron tubule (labeled B above) that receives water and filtered solutes from the blood (a fluid now called “filtrate”) is referred to as ______.

Answer 48

Bowman’s capsule

Question 49

The filtrate next passes through the _______, which is labeled G in the diagram above. This passageway is close to the start of the tubule and quite “bendy” or “winding”, both of which contribute to its name.

Answer 49

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 50

The filtrate next dips deep into the renal medulla and then returns back to the cortex. This structure is labeled F in the diagram above and is called the ______.

Answer 50

Loop of Henle

Question 51

Once back in the cortex, the filtrate passes through the structure labeled D above, which is another “bendy” or “winding” section that is now farther away from the start of the tubule. These qualities again contribute to its name, which is the ______.

Answer 51

Distal convoluted tubule

Question 52

The filtrate finally travels through the last compartment of the nephron, which is labeled E above and called the _______. This compartment travels from the renal cortex, through the renal medulla, and empties urine into the renal pelvis.

Answer 52

Collecting duct

Question 53

There are two terms that refer to different sections of the second capillary network around each nephron. The capillaries that surround the proximal and distal convoluted tubules (labeled J above) are called the _______.

Answer 53

Peritubular capillaries

Question 54

The capillary network that surrounds the Loop of Henle (labeled K above) is called the ______.

Answer 54

Vasa recta

Question 55

______ occurs at the end of the nephron, as urine is removed from the kidneys and ultimately the body.

Answer 55

Excretion

Question 56

______ is the term for the random movement of fluid and small, dissolved solutes from the blood into the lumen of the nephron.

Answer 56

Filtration

Question 57

The selective removal of specific, toxic molecules and ions from the blood and transport into the nephron lumen is called ______.

Answer 57

Secretion

Question 58

After fluid, small solutes, and specific wastes are removed from the blood, the nephron is built to transport essential materials back into the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta so that they will remain in the body. This process is called _______.

Answer 58

Reabsorption

Question 59

This process happens in every sub-compartment of the nephron tubule, except for Bowman’s capsule.

Answer 59

Reabsorption

Question 60

This process happens exclusively at the glomerulus and creates the filtrate collected by Bowman’s capsule.

Answer 60

Filtration

Question 61

This process only happens in the proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct.

Answer 61

Secretion

Question 62

When filtrate leaves the collecting duct, it is referred to as urine and it is destined for _______.

Answer 62

Excretion

Question 63

This signal molecule specifically modulates the amount of water reabsorbed (retained) at the collecting duct when blood pressure is low or osmolarity is high.

Answer 63

Vasopressin

Question 64

This hormone is released from stretch-sensitive endocrine cells in the heart atria. These endocrine cells release this hormone when they are stretched significantly, indicating that total blood volume and blood pressure are too high.

Answer 64

Atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 65

This hormone is released from the adrenal cortex, so it is the first steroid hormone we’ve studied in this class. It acts at the collecting duct too, but it only alters Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion. So, this hormone only directly manipulates blood osmolarity.

Answer 65

Aldosterone

Question 66

This hormone acts at the afferent arteriole and nephron tubules, but most importantly, it results in less vasopressin release and less aldosterone release. Therefore, it is considered the antagonist to the action of those other two signal molecules.

Answer 66

Atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 67

This signal molecule is created by a chemical reaction in the blood and will stimulate more vasopressin and aldosterone release, which will help you to reabsorb and retain more water and solutes in your body when blood pressure is low.

Answer 67

Angiotensin II

Question 68

This signal molecule is called a neurohormone, because it is synthesized in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary gland into the blood.

Answer 68

Vasopressin

Question 69

Because this signal molecule is a lipid, it can enter its target cells and bind to receptors in the cytosol. Once bound to its receptor, it will enter the nucleus and alter the transcription of ion channels and carrier proteins to modulate ion levels in the blood and filtrate.

Answer 69

Aldosterone

Question 70

The lungs are the ONLY site where ___ can enter the body and blood

Answer 70

O2

Question 71

The lungs are the ONLY place where ___ can exit the blood and body

Answer 71

CO2

Question 72

The enzyme _________________ catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and H20 to carbonic acid

Question 73

External respiration

Answer 73

Between the alveoli and blood - O2 diffuses into blood and CO2 diffuses into alveoli

Question 74

Internal respiration

Answer 74

Between the blood and tissues - O2 diffuses into cells and CO2 diffuses into blood

Question 75

What is the conducting zone?

Answer 75

RAHHH

Question 76

What is the Exchange zone

Answer 76

RAHHH

Question 77

What composes the Upper Respiratory tract?

Answer 77

- Nasal Cavity - Pharynx - Tongue - Vocal cords - Esophagus - Larynx

Question 78

What composes the Lower Respiratory tract?

Answer 78

- Trachea - Right lung - Right bronchus - Diaphragm - Left lung - Left Bronchus

Question 79

What are the pleural membranes

Answer 79

Visceral Pleura: Inner layer, covers lungs. Parietal Pleura: Outer layer, lines chest wall. Pleural Cavity: Space between layers.

Question 80

what is pleural fluid?

Answer 80

Function: Reduce friction, create negative pressure for lung expansion. Fluid: Lubricates layers for smooth movement during breathing.

Question 81

Alveolar cells: Type 1

Answer 81

Facilitates gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) in the lungs

Question 82

Alveolar cells Type II:

Answer 82

Secretes surfactant

Question 83

what is Tidal Volume?

Answer 83

The volume of air inspired or expired during a normal breath

Question 84

What is Inspiratory reserve?

Answer 84

The additional volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation

Question 85

What is Expiratory reserve?

Answer 85

The additional volume of air that can be exhaled forcefully after a normal exhalation

Question 86

What is Residual Volume?

Answer 86

The volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal exhalation

Question 87

What is Vital Capacity?

Answer 87

The maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation.

Question 88

What is total lung capacity?

Answer 88

The total volume of air the lungs can hold after maximal inhalation

Question 89

measure of air held in the lungs at any given time

Answer 89

A lung “volume”

Question 90

combination of two or more lung volumes

Answer 90

A lung ”capacity”

Question 91

Total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the PARTIAL PRESSURES (P) of all individual gases

Answer 91

Dalton’s Law

Question 92

inverse relationship between pressure (P) & volume (V) of a sealed chamber

Answer 92

Boyle’s Law

Question 93

As the diaphragm contracts, ___ will occur

Answer 93

Inspiration

Question 94

As the diaphragm relaxes, ___ will occur

Answer 94

Expiration

Question 95

When the pressure in the thoracic cavity exceeds atmospheric pressure, ___ will occur

Answer 95

Expiration

Question 96

As the volume of the thoracic cavity increases to maximum, ___ will occur

Answer 96

Inspiration

Question 97

Low lung elasticity will increase the effort required for ___

Answer 97

Expiration

Question 98

Low lung compliance will increase the effort required for ____

Answer 98

Both inspiration and expiration

Question 99

Increases the P CO2 Decreases the P O2

Answer 99

Hypoventilation

Question 100

Increases the P O2 Decreases the P CO2

Answer 100

Hyperventilation