Unit 5- Kingdoms Vocab

Question 1

Prokaryote

Answer 1

Without a membrane- bound nucleus

Question 2

Eukaryote

Answer 2

With a membrane-bound nucleus

Question 3

Autotroph

Answer 3

Makes their own food (Producer)

Question 4

Cuticle

Answer 4

Waxy, protective covering that helps prevent water loss.

Question 5

Photosynthesis

Answer 5

6CO2+ 6H2O+ light energy&raquo_space;» C6H12O6+ 6O2

Question 6

Stomata

Answer 6

Opening in the cuticle that allows gas exchange.

Question 7

Mesophyll

Answer 7

Inner tissue of a leaf, containing many chloroplasts.

Question 8

Herbaceous

Answer 8

A type of stem. Non-woody, soft, and green. Die back to their roots each year. Ex.- thistle

Question 9

Vascular

Answer 9

System of tissues that conduct substances through the plant. Consists of phloem and xylem.

Question 10

Non-vascular

Answer 10

Don’t have a vascular system of tissues that conduct substances through the plant. Must move through osmosis. Short plants.

Question 11

Xylem

Answer 11

Dead cells that transport water and minerals by capillary action up the plant.

Question 12

Phloem

Answer 12

Living tissues that transport sugar(food) down the plant.

Question 13

Bryophyte

Answer 13

Another word for non-vascular plants. Require water for photosynthesis. Small in size. Ex.- mosses, liverworts.

Question 14

Cambium

Answer 14

A cellular plant tissue from which phloem, xylem, or cork grows by division, resulting (in woody plants) in secondary thickening.

Production of new xylem and phloem, found right under bark. Part of tree anatomy.

Question 15

Angiosperm

Answer 15

Flowering plants. 2 types: Monocot- 1 seed leaf, leaf veins are parallel, pedals are multiples of 3, fibrous roots, vascular bundles, scattered. Ex.- grass and lily. Dicot- 2 seed leaf, cotyledon=seed, leaf veins are branched, pedals are multiples of 4 or 5, tap roots, stems have vascular bundles in a ring. Ex.- shrubs, trees, and flowers. Annual, most are herbaceous. Ex.- corn, peas, tomatoes

Question 16

Gymnosperm

Answer 16

Seed plants. Reproduce with cones. Ex.- pine tree. Have seeds and vascular systems.

Question 17

Monocotyledon

Answer 17

A flowering plant with an embryo that bears a single cotyledon (seed leaf). Monocotyledons constitute the smaller of the two great divisions of flowering plants, and typically have elongated stalkless leaves with parallel veins. Ex.- grasses, lilies, palms

Question 18

Dicotyledon

Answer 18

A flowering plant with an embryo that bears two cotyledons (seed leaves). Dicotyledons constitute the larger of the two great divisions of flowering plants, and typically have broad, stalked leaves with netlike veins. Ex.- daisies, hawthorns, oaks

Question 19

Perennial

Answer 19

Lasts for more than 2 years. Dormancy, produce periodically. Ex.- trees, shrubs, grasses, and flowers

Question 20

Heartwood

Answer 20

Non-functioning inner most rings; supports the tree. Yields hardest timber. Part of tree anatomy.

Question 21

Sapwood

Answer 21

Functioning xylem and phloem. Part of tree anatomy.

Question 22

Seed coat

Answer 22

Developing plant embryo, stored food called endosperm, one part(monocot), two parts (dicot). For protection.

Question 23

Germinate

Answer 23

Begins to grow and put out shoots after a period of dormancy. Comes into existence and develop.

Question 24

Sepal

Answer 24

Green, leaf-like, surrounds the stem under the pedals. Sterile, has nothing to do with reproduction.

Question 25

Petal

Answer 25

Colorful, leaf-like, above sepals, attract pollinators. Sterile, has nothing to do with reproduction.

Question 26

Pistil

Answer 26

Female reproductive part. 3 parts: Style- connects stigma to ovary. Ovary- becomes the fruit if fertilized and contains ovules(eggs) which become seeds if fertilized. Fruit- the ripened ovary of q plant containing the seeds.

Question 27

Stamen

Answer 27

Male reproductive part. 2 parts: Anther- top of the stamen and contains pollen. Filament- stalk that attaches anther to the flower.

Question 28

Pollination

Answer 28

Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma.

Question 29

Capsid

Answer 29

The protein shell of a virus. It consists of several oligomeric structural subunits made of protein called protomers. The observable 3-dimensional morphological subunits, which may or may not correspond to individual proteins, are called capsomeres. The capsid encloses the genetic material of the virus.

Question 30

Lytic cycle

Answer 30

One of the two cycles of viral reproduction, the other being the lysogenic cycle. The lytic cycle results in the destruction of the infected cell and its membrane.

Question 31

Lysogenic cycle

Answer 31

One of two cycles of viral reproduction (the lytic cycle is the other). Lysogeny is characterized by integration of the bacteriophage nucleic acid into the host bacterium’s genome or formations of a circular replicon in the bacterium’s cytoplasm.

Question 32

Prophage

Answer 32

The genetic material of a bacteriophage, incorporated into the genome of a bacterium and able to produce phages if specifically activated.

Question 33

Retrovirus

Answer 33

Any of a group of RNA viruses that insert a DNA copy of their genome into the host cell in order to replicate. Ex.- HIV.

Question 34

Reverse transcriptase

Answer 34

A reverse transcriptase (RT) is an enzyme used to generate complementary DNA (cDNA) from an RNA template, a process termed reverse transcription. It is mainly associated with retroviruses.

Question 35

Viroid

Answer 35

An infectious entity affecting plants, smaller than a virus and consisting only of nucleic acid without a protein coat.

Question 36

Prion

Answer 36

The name used by many scientists to describe the pathogen that causes transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) which are neurodegenerative diseases in mammals.

Question 37

Peptidoglycan

Answer 37

Also known as murein, is a polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of most bacteria, forming the cell wall.

Question 38

Gram staining

Answer 38

A common technique used to differentiate two large groups of bacteria based on their different cell wall constituents. The Gram stain procedure distinguishes between Gram positive and Gram negative groups by coloring these cells red or violet.

Question 39

Cocci

Answer 39

Any spherical or roughly spherical bacterium.

Question 40

Spirillum

Answer 40

A bacterium with a rigid spiral structure, found in stagnant water and sometimes causing disease.

Question 41

Bacillus

Answer 41

A disease-causing bacterium. A rod-shaped bacterium.

Question 42

Photoautotroph

Answer 42

Organism that carry out photosynthesis.

Question 43

Chemoautotroph

Answer 43

An organism, typically a bacterium, that derives energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds.

Question 44

Anaerobic

Answer 44

Relating to, involving, or requiring an absence of free oxygen.

Question 45

Aerobic

Answer 45

Relating to, involving, or requiring free oxygen.

Question 46

Pili

Answer 46

Short, filamentous projections on a bacterial cell, used not for motility but for adhering to other bacterial cell (especially for mating) or to animal cells. (singular: pilus)

Question 47

Conjugation

Answer 47

The process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact. During conjugation, one bacterium serves as the donor of the genetic material, and the other serves as the recipient.

Question 48

Endospore

Answer 48

A resistant asexual spore that develops inside some bacteria cells. The inner layer of the membrane or wall of some spores and pollen grains.

Question 49

Binary Fission

Answer 49

A kind of asexual reproduction. It is the most common form of reproduction in prokaryotes and occurs in some single-celled eukaryotes. After replicating its genetic material, the cell divides into two nearly equal sized daughter cells. The genetic material is also equally split.

Question 50

Pathogen

Answer 50

A bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease.

Question 51

Antibiotic

Answer 51

A medicine (such as penicillin or its derivatives) that inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms.

Question 52

Protist

Answer 52

Any organism that is not a plant, animal, fungi, or prokaryote.

Question 53

Fungi

Answer 53

Any of a group of unicellular, multicellular, or syncytial spore-producing organisms feeding on organic matter, including molds, yeast, mushrooms, and toadstools.

Question 54

Bacteria

Answer 54

Microscopic living organisms, usually one-celled, that can be found everywhere. They can be dangerous, such as when they cause infection, or beneficial, as in the process of fermentation (such as in wine) and that of decomposition.

Question 55

Virus

Answer 55

Small, infectious agent of genetic material encased protein. Not made of cells. Not living, can’t reproduce or metabolize its own energy.

Question 56

Plant

Answer 56

A living organism of the kind exemplified by trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, ferns, and mosses, typically growing in a permanent site, absorbing water and inorganic substances through its roots, and synthesizing nutrients in its leaves by photosynthesis using the green pigment chlorophyll.

Question 57

Decompose

Answer 57

Make or become rotten; decay or cause to decay.

Question 58

Pseudopod

Answer 58

A temporary protrusion of the surface of an amoeboid cell for movement and feeding.

Question 59

Lichen

Answer 59

A simple slow-growing plant that typically forms a low crustlike, leaflike, or branching growth on rocks, walls, and trees.

Question 60

Stolon

Answer 60

A special slender horizontal branch serving to propagate the organism. In botany a stolon—also called a runner—is a slender stem that grows horizontally along the ground, giving rise to roots and aerial (vertical) branches at specialized points called nodes.

Question 61

Rhizoid

Answer 61

Simple hair-like protuberances that extend from the lower epidermal cells of bryophytes, Rhodophytes and pteridophytes. They are similar in structure and function to the root hairs of vascular land plants. Similar structures are formed by algae and some fungi.

Question 62

Hypha

Answer 62

A long, branching filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium. Yeasts are unicellular fungi that do not grow as hyphae.

Question 63

Mycelium

Answer 63

The vegetative part of a fungus or fungus-like bacterial colony, consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae. The mass of hyphae is sometimes called shiro, especially within the fairy ring fungi.

Question 64

Basidia

Answer 64

A microscopic, spore-producing structure found on the hymenophore of fruiting bodies of basidiomycete fungi. The presence of basidia is one of the main characteristic features of the Basidiomycota.