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DP 1 Biology > Unit 5: Genetics > Flashcards

Unit 5: Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basic unit of heredity?

A

Gene

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2
Q

True or False: Alleles are different versions of the same gene.

A

True

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3
Q

Fill in the blank: The physical expression of a trait is known as its __________.

A

Phenotype

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4
Q

What is the genotype of an organism?

A

The genetic makeup of an organism.

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5
Q

What is a homozygous genotype?

A

A genotype with two identical alleles for a trait.

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6
Q

What is a heterozygous genotype?

A

A genotype with two different alleles for a trait.

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7
Q

True or False: Dominant alleles can mask the expression of recessive alleles.

A

True

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8
Q

What is a Punnett square used for?

A

To predict the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from genetic crosses.

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9
Q

In a monohybrid cross, what ratio of phenotypes is expected in the F2 generation?

A

3:1

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10
Q

What is the law of segregation?

A

The principle that alleles for a trait separate during gamete formation.

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: The law of independent assortment states that alleles for different traits are __________ inherited.

A

independently

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12
Q

What is a test cross?

A

A cross between an individual with an unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual.

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13
Q

True or False: Sex-linked traits are only found on the X chromosome.

A

False

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14
Q

What is the expected phenotypic ratio for a dihybrid cross?

A

9:3:3:1

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15
Q

Fill in the blank: A __________ is a diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family.

A

pedigree

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16
Q

What does the term ‘epistasis’ refer to?

A

The interaction between genes where one gene can mask or modify the expression of another gene.

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17
Q

True or False: Polygenic traits are controlled by multiple genes.

A

True

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18
Q

What is the definition of a mutation?

A

A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.

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19
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ mutations do not change the amino acid sequence of a protein.

A

Silent

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20
Q

What is a frameshift mutation?

A

A mutation caused by insertion or deletion of nucleotides that alters the reading frame.

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21
Q

True or False: Mutations can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral.

A

True

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22
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

A mechanism of evolution that involves random changes in allele frequencies in a population.

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ selection favors individuals with traits that are advantageous in a specific environment.

A

Natural

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24
Q

What is the significance of the Hardy-Weinberg principle?

A

It describes a model for a non-evolving population and provides a baseline to measure genetic changes.

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25
What are the five conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
No mutations, no gene flow, random mating, large population size, and no natural selection.
26
True or False: Genetic recombination during meiosis increases genetic diversity.
True
27
What is the purpose of cloning in genetics?
To produce identical copies of an organism or gene.
28
What is a transgenic organism?
An organism that has been genetically modified to contain a gene from another species.
29
Fill in the blank: The process of __________ involves the transfer of DNA from one organism to another.
transformation
30
What is CRISPR technology used for?
To edit genes by making precise changes to DNA.
31
True or False: Genetic engineering can be used to produce insulin.
True
32
What is the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis?
To assemble amino acids into polypeptides based on mRNA sequences.
33
Fill in the blank: The __________ is the segment of DNA that is transcribed into RNA.
gene
34
What is the role of mRNA?
To carry genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
35
True or False: tRNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome during translation.
True
36
What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
DNA -> RNA -> Protein
37
Fill in the blank: __________ is the process by which DNA is copied into RNA.
Transcription
38
What is the process of translation?
The synthesis of proteins from mRNA templates.
39
What are introns?
Non-coding regions of a gene that are removed during RNA processing.
40
What are exons?
Coding regions of a gene that are expressed in the final mRNA.
41
True or False: All mutations lead to changes in protein function.
False
42
What is the role of transcription factors?
To regulate the transcription of specific genes by binding to nearby DNA.
43
Fill in the blank: A __________ is a segment of DNA that can move within the genome.
transposable element
44
What is the function of the promoter in gene expression?
To initiate transcription of a gene.
45
What is gene therapy?
A technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease.
46
True or False: Gene therapy can only be used for genetic disorders.
False
47
What is the purpose of a genetic marker?
To identify specific alleles associated with traits or diseases.
48
Fill in the blank: __________ is the study of how genes and environment influence traits.
Epigenetics
49
What is the role of DNA methylation in gene regulation?
To silence gene expression by adding methyl groups to DNA.
50
What is an allele frequency?
The relative frequency of an allele at a genetic locus in a population.
51
True or False: Genetic diversity is essential for the survival of a species.
True
52
What is the significance of the Sanger sequencing method?
It was the first method developed to sequence DNA.
53
Fill in the blank: __________ mutations can be caused by environmental factors such as UV light.
Induced
54
What is the role of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?
To synthesize new DNA strands by adding nucleotides.
55
What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication?
Prokaryotic replication occurs in the cytoplasm; eukaryotic replication occurs in the nucleus.
56
True or False: Eukaryotic chromosomes are linear, while prokaryotic chromosomes are circular.
True
57
What are telomeres?
The protective caps at the ends of linear chromosomes.
58
Fill in the blank: __________ is the process of cell division that produces gametes.
Meiosis
59
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells; meiosis produces four genetically diverse gametes.
60
What is the role of crossing over in meiosis?
To increase genetic variation by exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes.
61
True or False: The process of fertilization restores the diploid state in offspring.
True
62
What is the impact of inbreeding on genetic diversity?
It decreases genetic diversity and increases the likelihood of genetic disorders.
63
Fill in the blank: __________ is the term for the observable characteristics of an organism.
Phenotype
64
What is a karyotype?
A visual representation of an individual's chromosomes.
65
True or False: Chromosomal mutations can lead to changes in the number of chromosomes.
True
66
What is the term for an organism's complete set of DNA?
Genome
67
Fill in the blank: __________ is the term for the genetic makeup of an individual.
Genotype
68
What role do stem cells play in genetics?
They can differentiate into various cell types and have potential for regenerative medicine.
69
True or False: All cells in an organism have the same DNA.
True
70
What is the function of the genetic code?
To specify the amino acid sequence of proteins.
71
Fill in the blank: __________ are sequences of DNA that do not code for proteins.
Non-coding regions
72
What is the process of gene expression?
The process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product.
73
True or False: All genes are expressed at all times in all cells.
False
74
What is the role of RNA polymerase?
To synthesize RNA from a DNA template during transcription.
75
Fill in the blank: __________ is the term for the process by which cells become specialized in structure and function.
Differentiation
76
What is a chromosome?
A structure made of DNA and protein that contains genetic information.
77
True or False: Chromosomes are only visible during cell division.
True
78
What is the function of histones?
To package and order DNA into structural units called nucleosomes.
79
Fill in the blank: __________ are the regions of a chromosome where sister chromatids are joined.
Centromeres
80
What is the significance of the 23rd pair of chromosomes in humans?
They determine the sex of an individual.

DP 1 Biology (2 decks)

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