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APES > Unit 5 (diseases) and Unit 6 (water) Vocab > Flashcards

Unit 5 (diseases) and Unit 6 (water) Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

lifestyle choices

A

things you do everyday like driving or smoking

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2
Q

risk

A

probability of harmful effects to human health

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3
Q

biological hazards

A

pathogens that are living organisms and viruses that can cause human disease

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4
Q

chemical hazards

A

chemicals in the air, soil, and water we ingest

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5
Q

cultural hazards

A

natural events like fires and earthquakes

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6
Q

lifestyle hazards

A

human choices that pose health concern

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7
Q

risk assessment

A

probability of adverse human health effects resulting from exposure to a specific hazard

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8
Q

4 steps to risk assessment

A

hazard identification; dose-response assessment; exposure assessment; risk characterization

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9
Q

risk management

A

cost analysis of remediating the specific hazard and possibly establish legal limits for discharge, exposure, and allowable levels of the hazard.

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10
Q

non-transmissible disease

A

cannot be spread from person to person

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11
Q

infectious disease

A

spread from person to person; contagious

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12
Q

epidemic

A

outbreak of disease special to an area or region

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13
Q

pandemic

A

outbreak of disease globally

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14
Q

Influenza

A

most deadly infectious disease known as flu; respiratory illness caused by virus

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15
Q

types of flu

A

H5N1: Avian flu from birds, carried in their intestines
H1N1: Swine flu from livestock

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16
Q

HIV

A

Human Immune Deficiency Virus; develops AIDS; the body attacks itself

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17
Q

malaria

A

mosquito borne illness spread by protozoan parasite

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18
Q

diarrheal diseases

A

stems from unclean drinking water; cholera and dysentery

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19
Q

tuberculosis

A

bacterial disease found in crowded developing countries; respiratory disease

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20
Q

measles

A

extremely contagious respiratory disease

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21
Q

SARS

A

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; spread like hepatitis, through air

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22
Q

West Nile Virus

A

mosquito and wild bird populations in contact with human body fluids

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23
Q

toxicology

A

study of detrimental effects chemicals have on humans and wildlife

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24
Q

persistence

A

chemicals that last a long period of time because not easily degradable

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25
Q

solubility

A

chemicals that are fat soluble that accumulate in tissues

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26
Q

biomagnification

A

passing down of compounds from one organism to another

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27
Q

dose

A

to define a harmful level of a toxic chemical or compound

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28
Q

dose-response curve

A

organisms response to toxic dose

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29
Q

response

A

any negative health effect elicited from that material

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30
Q

acute effect

A

immediate response to exposure

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31
Q

chronic effect

A

single dose or long term exposure

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32
Q

median lethal dosage

A

LD50, the dose that would be required to be lethal to 50% of the test population

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33
Q

non-threshold response

A

response starts at zero and continuously increases

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34
Q

threshold dose-response

A

a model that shows harmful effects do not occur until after the dose exceeds a threshold level

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35
Q

Toxic chemicals

A

short term of permanent damage to humans or animals

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36
Q

carcinogen

A

promote cancer cells to grow

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37
Q

mutagen

A

promotes mutations or changes in DNA

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38
Q

teratogens

A

cause birth defects

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39
Q

neurotoxins

A

damage brain, nerves, or spinal cord

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40
Q

endocrine system

A

produces hormones

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41
Q

hormonally active agents

A

HAA endocrine disrupters because they mimic estrogen or block androgens from binding to cells

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42
Q

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act

A

FIFRA: gives EPA the authority to regulate the sale, packaging, distribution, and disposal of pesticides

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43
Q

Feder Food, Drug, Cosmetic Act

A

Allows EPA to set tolerance levels for pesticide residue on food

44
Q

Food Quality Protection Act of 1996

A

Outlines more requirements for assessing tolerance levels for pesticides

45
Q

Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act

A

Requires federal, state, and local governments to improve public knowledge and access to information about toxins

46
Q

groundwater

A

water found in porous spaces below the surface

47
Q

zone of aeration

A

the first few layers where more air is trapped than water

48
Q

zone of saturation

A

deeper subsurface layers that fill all porous space with water

49
Q

water table

A

the upper limit of the saturation zone

50
Q

aquifers

A

deep underground layers of porous rock material, gravel, sand, silt, or clay where groundwater flows

51
Q

natural recharge

A

though percolation of precipitation through soil and rock layers

52
Q

lateral recharge

A

movement of water from rivers and streams

53
Q

surface runoff

A

precipitation and snowmelt that does not infiltrate into soil

54
Q

watershed

A

land surrounding bodies of water that contribute to surface runoff

55
Q

droughts

A

long periods of time when regions receive 30% or less of their average annual precipitation

56
Q

floodplains

A

flat land areas that are periodically flooded with nutrient rich silt from nearby rivers and streams

57
Q

reservoir

A

a holding place for water above ground

58
Q

land subsidence

A

when the reservoirs collapse

59
Q

sinkhole

A

created from land subsidence

60
Q

Ogallala Aquifer

A

provides one third of irrigation water to the US

61
Q

hydroelectric power

A

fast flowing rivers are dammed to create freshwater reservoirs and provide power

62
Q

Colorado River Basin

A

know this

63
Q

Three gorges dam

A

largest dam in the world, in china

64
Q

Aral sea

A

the russian sea that dried up

65
Q

California Water Transfer Project

A

water from northern California to the dry southern California

66
Q

China’s Water Transfer Project

A

water from the Yangtze River to China’s highly populated northern provinces

67
Q

flood irrigation

A

pump large volumes of water onto land as it soaks the ground

68
Q

drip irrigation

A

small drops of water through tubes directly to roots

69
Q

center pivot

A

frames on metal wheels that travel some radius around field

70
Q

low-pressure sprinklers

A

pipes deliver water directly to crops

71
Q

LEPA sprinkler

A

Low Energy Precision Application: center pivot that increases efficiency by 95%

72
Q

grey water systems

A

collection of water from showers, bathtubs, dishwashers, and washers to be recycled

73
Q

desalination

A

removes dissolved salts from ocean water or brackish seas/lakes

74
Q

reverse osmosis

A

external pressure pushes saline water though membranes that separate salt from water

75
Q

distillation

A

heating saltwater until evaporation begins, steam is collected and turned to water again

76
Q

fecal coliform

A

E. coli that lives in animals and human intestines

77
Q

oxygen sag curve

A

occurs in flowing streams as bacteria breakdown degradable wastes and depletes the dissolved oxygen

78
Q

eutrophication

A

natural nutrient enrichment in lakes

79
Q

cultural eutrophication

A

when humans input unnatural nutrients

80
Q

Great Lakes Water Pollution

A

endured eutrophication issues when sewage became an issue

81
Q

Lake Washington

A

rapid eutrophication from development as treated wastewater entered the lake

82
Q

Temperature

A

impacts solubility of oxygen

83
Q

River/Stream Flow Velocity

A

velocity impacts the ability for oxygen to diffuse in water

84
Q

Turbidity

A

the measure of cloudiness of the water

85
Q

pH

A

measure the hydrogen ion concentration to determine acidity.

86
Q

Dissolved Oxygen

A

amount of oxygen gas in the water

87
Q

Nitrates/Nitrites and Phophates

A

nitrogen containing compounds and phospates

88
Q

hardness

A

amount of magnesium and calcium in water

89
Q

fecal coliform

A

determines the possibility of fecal contamination from sewage

90
Q

biological assessment

A

monitory organisms to track their health in changing environments

91
Q

Benthic Macro-invertebrates

A

aquatic insects, insect larvae, and crustaceans

92
Q

fish species

A

used as biological indicators

93
Q

arsenic

A

water is polluted of arsenic from rock and soil

94
Q

nitrate ions

A

groundwater is polluted with this from fertilizers

95
Q

MTBE

A

gasoline additive

96
Q

hypoxia

A

concentrations of dissolved oxygen.

97
Q

VOCs

A

Volatile organic compounds kills larval forms of ocean organisms

98
Q

Exxon Valdez

A

oil spill in 1989 in Alaskas Prince William Sound

99
Q

Primary sewage treatment

A

physical process that uses screens and grit tanks

100
Q

secondary sewage treatment

A

biological process when aerobic bacteria removes oxygen demanding waste

101
Q

advanced or tertiary sewage treatment

A

physical and chemical process to remove specific pollutants

102
Q

septic tanks

A

large buried collection tanks for waste

103
Q

Clean Water Act

A

regulates point source pollution from municipal facilities

104
Q

Water Quality Act

A

encourages the separation of storm water and sewer water lines

105
Q

US Safe Drinking Water Act

A

EPA to set standards of maximum containment levels for water pollutants

106
Q

Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002

A

assess community water systems infrastructure for any possible terrorist attack

APES (5 decks)

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