Unit 5 Digestive System Flashcards
What are the various types of liver cancer and their risk factors?
1) Hepatocellular carcinoma
* Arises from the liver cells
2) Cholangiocarcinoma
* A primary cancer of bile duct cells
Risk factors:
- Hep B and C
- Alcoholic cirrhosis
- Aflatoxin
- Drinking water contaminated with arsenic
What is cirrohosis and what are its implications for the body?
- Fibrosis replacement of hepatic tissue
- Loss of liver function
Manifestations
- Hepatomegaly
- Jaundice
- Abdominal pain
- Portal hypertension
- Ascites
- Esophageal varices
- Splenomegaly
What is portal hypertension and how does it contribute to liver failure?
What is hepatisis?
A medical condition defined by the inflammation of the liver and characterized by the presence of inflammatory cells in the tissue of the organ.
The condition can be self-limiting (healing on its own) or can progress to fibrosis (scarring) and cirrhosis.
Hepatitis may occur with limited or no symptoms, but often leads to jaundice, anorexia (poor appetite) and malaise.
Hepatitis is acute when it lasts less than six months and chronic when it persists longer.
A group of viruses known as the hepatitis viruses cause most cases of hepatitis worldwide, but hepatitis can also be caused by toxic substances (notably alcohol, certain medications, some industrial organic solvents and plants), other infections and autoimmune diseases.
Causes:
Viral Hepatitis (A, B, C)
Autoimmune hepatitis
Alcohol-induced liver diseases
- Metabolic end products – liver cells injury
Outcomes: Cirrhosis, portal hypertension and liver failure
What are the categories of jaundice? How do they differ from each other?
Prehepatic
- Major cause is excessive hemolysis of red blood cells
- Unconjugated bilirubin
Intrahepatic
- Caused by disorders that directly affect the ability of the liver to remove bilirubin from the blood or conjugate it so it can be eliminated in the bile
- Conjugated bilirubin
Posthepatic
- Occurs when bile flow is obstructed between the liver and the intestine
- Conjugated bilirubin
Describe how the liver normally breakdown down bilirubin? Explain the pathogenesis of jaundice.
What is intestinal malabsorption and what are its causes/manifestations?
Failure to transport dietary constituents from the lumen of the intestine to the extracellular fluid
Causes:
- Celiac disease
- Inflammatory reaction
- Neoplasm
- Colorectal cancer
Symptoms:
- Diarrhea
- Steatorrhea
- Flatulence
- Bloating
- Abdominal pain
- Cramps
- Weight loss and abdominal distention
- Weakness, muscle wasting
What is colorectal cancer. Describe its etiology, CMs and prognosis.
- 90% are older than 50 years of age
- family history of cancer, polyposis of the colon, environment, diet, ulcerative colitis
- early symptom – occult blood in stools, change in bowel habits, sense of urgency or incomplete emptying
Clinical Manifestations (http://postimg.org/image/yeht3vrb5/)
http://postimg.org/image/nwtgqsbab/
Tumors of the right side: Polypoid mass
Tumors of the left side: Ulcerating – napkin ring lesion
Sigmoid colon and rectum: Malignant ulcers
Early symptom is bleeding, followed by change in bowel habits
What are preventation measures for colorectal cancer?
- Diet
- All men and women after 40 years of age – DRE annually
- After 50 years of age – stool for occult blood and proctosigmoidoscopy every 3 to 5 years
- recommended by the American Cancer Society
- Polypectomy
What is IBS and what are the general etiology of an IBD?
IBS
- Persistent or recurrent symptoms of abdominal pain
- Altered bowel function
- Varying complaints of flatulence, bloating
- Anxiety or depression
IBD
chronic inflammation of the mucosa of the small and large colon
Etiology/risk factors
? genetic predisposition
? autoimmune – abnormal T cell reactions
Compare Chrohn’s Disease with Ulcerative Colitis.
Table comparing CM and Pathological Features
http://postimg.org/image/kclk6blyb/
Picture of CD and UC
Compare the pathological features of UC and CD for fun again!
Ulercative Colitits: http://postimg.org/image/6666v3ogx/
Crohn’s Disease: http://postimg.org/image/nlihkssh9/
What are the Extra-intestinal/systemic manifestations of UC and CD?
Eyes
Skin and mucosa
Bones and joints
Liver and gall bladder
Alterations in coagulation
Which are diseases of the sm and lg instestine?
Irritable bowel syndrome
Inflammatory bowel disease
Cancer of the colon and rectum
Mal-absorption syndrome
What is stomach cancer and what are its risk factors and clinical manifestations?
adenocarcinoma
- uncommon under age 40
- mean age at diagnosis is 63 years
3 types
- polypoid (fungating mass)
- ulcerating mass
- diffusely spreading (linitis plastica) – rigid atonic stomach
Risk Factors
- Genetic predisposition
- Carcinogenic factors in the diet
- Autoimmune gastritis
- Gastric adenomas or polyps
Manifestations:
- asymptomatic until the disease is advanced
- non specific symptoms
- dyspepsia
- anorexia
- vague pain
- weight loss
