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Biology Final > Unit 5 Cellular Reproduction > Flashcards

Unit 5 Cellular Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cell division

A

splitting of the parent cell into two identical daughter cells

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2
Q

What is asexual reproduction

A

Cell division that results in the reproduction of a whole organism

-cloning

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3
Q

What is sexual reproduction

A

reproduction that requires the fusion of gametes

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4
Q

What are the steps of binary fission

A

Dividing in half
-happens in prokaryotes

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5
Q

What are gametes

A

egg and sperm cells

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6
Q

What is a zygote

A

Fertilized egg

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7
Q

What is the cell cycle

A

sequence of events from the instant a cell is formed to the moment it divides into two new daughter cells

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8
Q

What are the 2 main stages of the cell cycle

A
  1. Interphase: growing phase
    -90% of cell cycle
  2. Mitotic phase: Cell division
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9
Q

what are the 3 phases of interphase

A
  1. G1 phase: first gap
  2. S phase: synthesis phase
  3. G2 phase: Second gap
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10
Q

What happens in G1 phase

A

-normal cellular functions take place

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11
Q

What happens in S phase

A

DNA replication takes place

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12
Q

What happens in G2 phase

A

-cell finishes preparing for cell division

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13
Q

What are the 2 stages of the Mitotic phase

A
  1. Mitosis
  2. Cytokinesis
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14
Q

What is mitosis

A

The division of the nucleus and its continents

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15
Q

What is cytokinesis

A

the division of the cytoplasm and separation of the 2 daughter cells

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16
Q

What happens in Prophase

A
  • Chromatin coils into chromosomes
  • mitotic spindle emerges from the centrosomes
  • centrosomes separate
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17
Q

What happens during Prometaphase

A
  • Nuclear envelop disappears
  • Mitotic spindle ends reach chromosomes
  • some attach to the middle of the chromosome
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18
Q

What happens during Metaphase

A
  • Chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate
    (imaginary line in the middle)
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19
Q

What happens during Anaphase

A
  • Chromosomes come apart and the sister chromatids separate
20
Q

What happens during Telophase and Cytokinesis

A
  • Daughter nuclei are formed at the poles of the cell
  • Mitotic spindle disappears
  • Mitosis is finished
21
Q

What happens during cytokinesis in animal cells

A

a Cleavage Furrow:
-microfilaments and myosin form a ring at the furrow site

-Furrow deepens and eventually pinches the parents cell into 2

22
Q

What happens during cytokinesis in plant cells

A

Vesicles transport new cell wall material to the middle of the parents cell
- creates a divider between the two daughter cells

23
Q

What are the environmental factors that influence cell division

A
  1. Anchorage dependance: must be in contact with a solid surface to divide
  2. Density-dependent inhibition: crowded cells stop dividing
  3. Chemical factors: need certain nutrients to grow
  4. Growth factors: divide if certain proteins are present
24
Q

What are tumors

A

mass of abnormally growing cells within a normal tissue

25
Q

What are the 2 different types of tumors

A

Benign tumor:
-abnormally cells remain at their original location

Malignant tumor:
-Abnormally reproducing cells that can spread into other tissues in other part of the body

26
Q

what are Somatic cells

A

Typical body cells
- human somatic cells have 46 chromosomes

27
Q

What are Homologous Chromosomes

A
  • match in length, centromere position and staining pattern
  • carry same genes for the same inherited characters
28
Q

What are sex chromosomes

A

chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual

29
Q

What are Autosomes

A

All other chromosomes other than sex chromosomes

  • humans have 44 autosomes (22 sets of homologous chromosomes) and 2 sex chromosomes
30
Q

What are Diploid cells

A

A cell that contains two sets of chromosomes

abbreviated to 2n

31
Q

What are Haploid cells

A

A cell with a single set of chromosomes

humans: 1n = 23
-occurs in gametes

32
Q

What is the life cycle

A

sequence of stages for an organism from fertilization until the production of its own offspring

33
Q

What are the stages of Meiosis

A
  1. Interphase: chromosomes are duplicated
  2. Meiosis 1: the first division takes place
  3. Meiosis 2: The separation of the two sister chromatids
34
Q

What happens during interphase in meiosis

A
  • chromosomes duplicate
  • centrosome duplicates
35
Q

What happens during Prophase 1 in meiosis

A
  • homologous chromosomes come together as pairs
  • crossing over
  • chromosomes coil tightly and a spindle forms
36
Q

What happens during Metaphase 1 in meiosis

A
  • Chromosome tetrads are aligned at the metaphase plate
37
Q

What happens during Anaphase 1 in meiosis

A
  • Chromosomes migrate to the two poles of the cell
  • sister chromatids of a chromosome stay attached to each other
38
Q

What happens during telophase 1 and cytokinesis in meiosis

A
  • each pole has a haploid chromosome set
  • cytokinesis (same as mitosis)

-to haploid daughter cells are formed

39
Q

What happens during meiosis 2

A

Prophase 2: spindles move chromosomes to the center of the cell

Metaphase 2: chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate

Anaphase 2: centromere of sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

Telophase 2 and cytokinesis: nuclei form at the cell poles and the cell undergoes cytokinesis

(Making 4 haploid daughter cells)

40
Q

what are recombinant chromosomes

A

chromosomes that carry DNA from 2 different parents

41
Q

How to calculate combinations of chromosomes

A
42
Q

What is the process of nondisjunction

A

When chromosome pair fails to separate

  • in meiosis 1; the homologous chromosome stay together and dont go to opposite poles
    -half of gametes get 2 of the same chromosome
  • half gametes do not get that chromosome at all
43
Q

What is deletion

A

chromosome fragment becomes detached

44
Q

What is duplication

A

Chromosome fragment that detaches and attaches to the sister chromatid

45
Q

what is inversion

A

chromosome fragment reattaches to the same chromosome but in reverse orientation

46
Q

What is Translocation

A

Fragment joins a non-homologous chromosome

Biology Final (2 decks)

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