unit 5 biology Flashcards
What is the equation for Cardiac Output?
what is cardiac output ?
what is heart rate?
what is stroke volume?
Cardiac output = Heart Rate X Stroke Volume
the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute.
number of heart beats per minute
volume of blood pumped out of the heart each beat
right/ left pulmonary artery
right/ left pulmonary vein
To transport deoxygenated blood away from right ventricle in the heart to the lungs to collect
oxygen.
To deliver oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atria of the heart.
aorta
superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
carries oxygenated blood to the body
carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body
carries deoxygenated blood from the lower and middle body
right atrium
left atrium
right ventricle
left ventricle
receive deoxygenated blood from the body
receive the oxygenated blood returning from the lungs
pumps oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs.
pump oxygenated blood to the body
coronary arteries
Myocardium
Pericardium
carry oxygenated blood to the heart muscle itself.
a fibrous membrane that surrounds and protects the heart.
the middle and thickest layer of the heart wall, composed of cardiac muscle.
semilunar valve
(atrioventricular) bicuspid valve/ tricuspid valve
ventricles relax, close to prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles.
ventricles contract, close to prevent blood from flowing back into the atria
sinoatrial node
bundle of his
purkinje fibres
septum
hearts pacemaker,regualr contraction of heart muscle
transmits impulses from av node to ventricle
sends nerve impulses to the ventricles
divides left and right side of heart
4 chambered heart model
deoxygenated blood enters right atrium,
pushed by muscles in right ventricle to lungs
becomes oxygenated
returns from lungs through left atrium
pushed into left ventricle and out into body through aorta.
arteries
thick walls withstand the high pressure of blood ejected from the heart
abundant elastic fibers allow them to expand
smaller lumens maintain the pressure of blood
capillaries
very thin wall, allow rapid exchange between blood and tissues
small lumen link arteries and veins
veins
thin wall, blood under low pressure
no smooth muscle/ elastic fibres= no pulse of blood so not required to stretch
wide lumen= large volume acts as blood reservoir
valves= stop backflow ensuring one way flow to heart
ABO blood type systems
blood group A – has A antigens, B antibodies
blood group B – has B antigens, A antibodies
blood group O – has no antigens, but both A and B antibodies
blood group AB – has both A and B antigens, but no antibodies
universal donors
O Rh negative , no A,B antigens
rheus system
Rh positive blood can recieve Rh negative blood
Rh negative blood cannot recieve Rh positive blood
elctro cardiogram
electrical changes in the heart. can be used tp diagnose cardiovascular diseases
normal rhythm: sinus arrhythmia: bradycardia: tachycardia: ventricular fibrillation: a flat line:
60-100 beats per minute
normal beats, triggered at an irregular interval
less than 60 bpm
more than 100bpm
irregular ventricular rate
no signal, resuscitation is needed or can result in death.
atrial diastole
step 1
Both atria relax and fill with blood from the pulmonary vein and vena cava.
ventricular diastole.
step 2
The atria contract and force the atrioventricular (AV) valves open. Blood flows into the ventricles and they fill up;
step 3
The AV valves close when the pressure in the ventricles rises above the pressure in the atria to prevent the backflow of blood into the atria.
step 4
The ventricle walls contract and increase pressure in the ventricles. This forces the semi-lunar valves to open and the blood flows into the pulmonary artery and aorta.
step 5
When the pressure in the aorta and pulmonary artery
rises, the semi-lunar valves close to prevent backflow of
blood into the ventricles.
Wave P
shows excitation of the atria, when they begin to contract and therefore represents atrial systole
Wave QRS
indicates excitation of the ventricles, when they begin to contract and therefore represents ventricular systole
Wave T
shows diastole, when the heart chambers are relaxing
gentics
inactivity
inherit tendancy- family history increases risk
exercise reduces risk of cbd by refuvong blood presuure and rasing HDL
age
gender
high blood pressure
elasticity and width of arteries decrease with age
oestrogens protects women from cvd before menopause
should not be above 140 mmHG and 90 mmHg diastolic
smoking
diet
chemicals in smoke damage and constrict artery linings
high intake of salt, and limited healthy fats and vitamins
antihypertensive
reduces high blood pressure but vaj cause dizziness, nausea and cramps
statins
reduces LDL by inhibiting enzyme in the liver but causes tiredness, disturbed sleep, nausea, diarrhea headache muscle weakness
transplantation and immunosuppression
properly functioning heart but risk of rejection, increasing risk of infection
caffeine
increasing the electrical activity of the SAN.
increase in the rate of contraction and relaxation of each heartbeat.
a larger volume of blood can be pumped out every time the heart beats.
daphnia heart rate
The presence of caffeine increases the heart rate of Daphnia. When the concentration of caffeine solution used increases, the heart rate of Daphnia also increases.
trachea
serves as passage for air, moistens and warms it while it passes into the lungs, and protects the respiratory surface from an accumulation of foreign particles. The trachea is lined with a moist mucous-membrane layer composed of cells containing small hairlike projections called cilia.
bronchi/bronchioles
Their function is to further warm, moisten, and clean the inspired air and distribute it to the gas exchanging zone of the lung.
alveoli
lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of breathing in and breathing out. Oxygen breathed in from the air passes through the alveoli and into the blood and travels to the tissues throughout the body.
capillary network
delivering oxygen in the blood to the tissues, and picking up carbon dioxide to be eliminated. They are also the place where nutrients are delivered to feed all of the cells of the body.
intercostal muscles
several groups of muscles that run between the ribs, and help form and move the chest wall. The intercostal muscles are mainly involved in the mechanical aspect of breathing. These muscles help expand and shrink the size of the chest cavity to facilitate breathing.
diaphragm
contracts rhythmically and continually, and most of the time, involuntarily. Upon inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and flattens and the chest cavity enlarges
Pleural Membranes
to protect the lungs because lung tissue is delicate and can be easily damaged. enclose a fluid-filled space surrounding the lungs which provides lubrication. enable the lungs to move easily, minimising friction from other organs.
inspiration
diaphragm, contracts and moves down to become flat.
more oxygen required = external intercostals contract and move ribcage upwards and outwards
volume of thoracic cavity increases
pressure decreases in lungs compared to outside
air rushes in