unit 5 biology Flashcards
what is a septum
Dividing wall between left and right side in the heart
What is a myogenic muscle?
Muscles that contract due to signal from heart and not brain
What valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle?
Tricuspid valve
What valve is between the left atrium and the left ventricle?
Bicuspid valve
What valve is in between the aortic valve and pulmonic valve?
Semilunar valve
What is the function of the SAN?
Produces impulses which makes the heartbeat between 60 and 100 bpm
How does signals travel in the heart?
Atria muscles contract the signal reaches the it atriventricular node signal splits and travels down the bundle of his towards the ventricle muscles. Perkinje fibres carry the signals to the muscle.
How do you calculate the cardiac output?
Volume of blood pumped by the ventricle per minute = beats per minute x volume pumped per beat
What is the arteries function and characteristics?
Carries blood from the heart to the body
has high-pressure
lots of oxygen
bright red
protect the inside of the body
What is the function of veins and what are its characteristics?
Carries blood from the body to the heart
has low pressure less oxygen,
dark red
closer to the surface
has valves to prevent back flow
What is tachycardia
When the heart beats too fast
What is bacdycardia
When the heartbeat too slow
What is sinus arrhythmia?
Heart rate increases when you breathe in and heart rate decreases when you breathe out
What is ventricular fibrillation?
Signals going to the ventricles are rapid and chaotic and the muscles of the ventricles quiver instead of beating in a coordinated way
What is flat line?
When there is no heartbeat
What are the four main blood groups?
A B AB O
What is the universal donor?
O- blood
What happens if there is a reduced blood flow?
Angina ,chest pain and heart attacks if arteries become blocked
What are risk factors that can cause cardiovascular disease?
Genetics
age
diet
gender
smoking
high blood pressure
inactivity
What is the practical for the effect of caffeine on heart rate?
Put water flea on the microscope slide remove any water that’s on it
add a few drops of distilled water which contains a certain amount of caffeine observed with microscope and focus on heart
count number in 30 seconds
repeat every two minutes
repeat with different concentrations of caffeine
What is caffeine also known as?
A stimulant
What are the three treatment options for cardiovascular disease?
Antihypertensive
statins
heart transplantation
What are antihypertensives and what are the disadvantages?
Drugs that can treat high blood pressure, e.g. diuretics which can cause an increased risk of diabetes
What is statins function and what are the disadvantages?
Help lower LDL in blood can cause muscle damage
What is a heart transplantation and what are the disadvantages and advantages?
When a heart is given from a donor advantages: increased life expectancy, disadvantages :expensive ,risky ,shortage of healthy doners
What are lungs protected by and what are the muscles doing?
Muscles are protected by the rib cage and the intercostal muscles between them help with breathing
What is the function of the pleural membrane?
Separates lungs from membrane
What are the two types of membrane in the lungs?
Partial pleura (outer) , visceral pleura (inner)
What do plural cavity contain?
Small amount of fluid which allow easy movement and inflation
How does gas exchange work in the lungs?
Oxygen diffuses into bloodstream carried by red blood cells
carbon dioxide dissolved in blood diffusers into the alveoli
What is tidal volume?
Breathing in and out normally
What is inspiratory reserve volume?
Extra air you breathe in
What is expiratory reserve volume
Extra air, you breathe out
Residual volume
Volume that remains when you breathe out
What is vital capacity?
The difference between maximum volume and minimum volume
What is peak expiatory flow?
Volume of air expelled in one quick exhalation
What is forced vital capacity?
Maximum amount of air you can possibly exhale from the lungs
What are the two functions of the kidney?
Excretion and Osmoregulation
What what is excretion?
The removal of waste and toxins in the bloodstream which is transported to the bladder as urine
What is Osmoregulation?
Control amount of water and bloodstream
What is the function of the pituitary gland?
Control amount of water in the kidneys removed from the blood
What do nephrons contain and what do they do?
Glamerelus -filtered blood, small molecules passed through the thin walls
tubes- allow substance to be absorbed which are needed
What is a plasma membrane and what it’s function
Plasma membrane is is a lipid bilayer which is semi permeable controls what goes in and out of cells
What is the function of cholesterol molecules in the fluid mosaic model?
Make layer less fluid and more rigid
make layers less permeable
separate phospholipid so they don’t crystallise
What are the two type types of cell transport?
Passive and active
What is passive transport and give an example?
Passive transport is simple diffusion that does not require energy e.g. osmosis and facilitated diffusion
What is active transport
the movement of dissolved molecules into or out of a cell through the cell membrane, from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration.
What is exocytosis?
Substances taken out of cell
What is endocytosis?
Substances brought into the cell
What is the fluid mosaic model?
flexible elastic layer embedded with proteins on the surface of integral layer
