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Science 9 > Unit 5: Biological Diversity > Flashcards

Unit 5: Biological Diversity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are species

A

a group of organisms that have the same structures and can reproduce with one another

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2
Q

What are characteristics of living things

A
  • made of cells
  • need energy
  • grow and develop
  • reproduce
  • adapt to their environment
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3
Q

What is biodiviersity

A

varieties of lifeforms, with their own characteristics and abilities

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4
Q

What is an ecosystem

A

living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) things in a shared environment

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5
Q

What is a population

A

when members of a species live in a specific area and share the same resources

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6
Q

What is a community

A

populations of different species live in the same area

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7
Q

Is there variation in species

A

same basic structure, but lots of variation

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8
Q

Where is the greatest species diversity

A

near the equator, further away from the equator means less diversity

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9
Q

What are the five kingdoms

A

Protista, Prokaryote, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae

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10
Q

What are Porkaryotae

A

Bacteria

  • round/coccus, rod/bacillus, spiral/spirillum
  • unicellular organisms
  • no sperate nucleus
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11
Q

What are Protista

A
  • unicellular organisms

- have nuclei

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12
Q

What are fungi

A
  • yeast, mould, mushroom
  • can’t create their own food
  • absorb food from environment
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13
Q

What are Plantae

A
  • plants, use photosynthesis
  • multicellular organisms
  • rigid cell wall
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14
Q

What are Animalia

A
  • multicellular organisms
  • capable of locomotion
  • dependants on others for food
  • cells bound by flexible membranes
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15
Q

What is the Hierarchical System in the kingdoms

A 
Kingdom (King)
Phylum (Phillip)
(Subphylum) (Sometimes)
Class (Comes)
Order (Over)
Family (For)
Genus (Great)
Species (Spaghetti)
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16
Q

What system is used to name orgainisms

A
  • the “two-name” system
  • first is genus (capital)
  • then species name
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17
Q

What are the Three different types of interspecies relationship

A

Mutualism - both benefit
Commensalism - One benefits, other neither benefits nor harmed
Parasitism - One benefits, other harmed (usually not killed)

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17
Q

What are the Three different types of interspecies relationship

A

Mutualism - both benefit
Commensalism - One benefits, other neither benefits nor harmed
Parasitism - One benefits, other harmed (usually not killed)

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18
Q

What are the two types of relationships between competing species

A

Interspecies competition - neither benefits, competing for same resource
Resource Partitioning - co-exist, divide resources

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19
Q

What are Niches

A
  • an organism’s habits and habitat
  • what an organism eats, what eats it, habitat, effect on populations and environment

Broad Niche - Can live in a variety of different environments (more likely to survive change)

Narrow Niche - live in specific environment (can be eliminated by one change in ecosystem)

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20
Q

What is natural selection

A
  • “nature” chooses who will survive to reproduce
  • organisms with the best qualities will survive to reproduce, therefore their offspring will be more likely to have those qualities
21
Q

What is the difference between Heritable and Non-heritable characteristics

A

Heritable - passed from generation to generation

Non-Heritable - acquired characteristics

22
Q

What is the difference between discrete and Continuous variations

A

Discrete - one form or the other (hitched thumb)

Continuous - range of forms (height)

23
Q

What are different types of asexual reproduction

A

Binary Fission - cell splits into 2 identical copies

Budding - parent creates replica, can be attached or detached

Spore Production - division of cells of parent, each spore can produce identical copy of parent

Vegetative Reproduction - Part of parent plant grow into separate plant

23
Q

What are different types of asexual reproduction

A

Binary Fission - cell splits into 2 identical copies

Budding - parent creates replica, can be attached or detached

Spore Production - division of cells of parent, each spore can produce identical copy of parent

Vegetative Reproduction - Part of parent plant grow into separate plant

24
Q

What is the process of creating an embryo

A
  • Sperm and egg cell are Gametes
  • Fertilization of egg creates Zygote
  • Zygote divides into 2 cells, repeated during Cleavage
  • More cell divisions created Embryo
25
Q

What are the main parts of the stamen

A

Anthers - carry pollen

Filament - hold up anthers

26
Q

What are the main parts of the pistil

A

Stigma - sticky surface on top of pistil traps and holds pollen
Style - tube-like structure holds up stigma
Ovary - contains ovule

27
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of Cross-pollination

A

Advantages

  • genetic variability
  • Strong evolutionary potential
  • Adaptation to changing conditions
  • Successful long-term

Disadvantages

  • can destroy well adapted genes
  • relies on effective cross-pollination, seed dispersal and establishment
28
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of Self-pollination

A

Advantages

  • Preserves well-adapted genetics
  • Insures seed set in the absence of pollinators
  • Overcomes sterility
  • Single colonizing individual possible

Disadvantages

  • evolutionary dead end
  • can’t adapt to changes
  • successful short term
29
Q

What is DNA

A
  • Deoxyribonucleic acid

- responsible for storing genetic information and passing it on

30
Q

What makes up DNA

A
  • double helix structure (twisted ladder)
  • the pairs are Guanine, Cytosine (GC) and Adenine and Thiamine (AT)
  • genetic code is based on their arrangement
31
Q

What are Chromosomes

A
  • DNA packages
  • located in cell’s nucleus
  • human’s have 46 chromosomes
  • Chromosomes are pairs
32
Q

What is a Karyotype

A
  • a full set of chromosomes
33
Q

What are genes

A
  • a segment of DNA
  • responsible for inheritance of organism’s characteristic features
  • contains coded instruction
34
Q

What are Alleles

A
  • a possible form of a DNA sequence
  • Dominant Alleles are capitals
  • Recessive Alleles are not capitals
35
Q

What is Mitosis

A
  • occurs in body cells of multicellular organisms

- used for growth and repair

36
Q

What is Meiosis

A
  • division of sex cells (gametes)

- creates full set of DNA

37
Q

what is the difference between hybrid and purebred

A

Hybrid - organism produced by crossing two different purebred parents

Purebred - organism whose ancestors have the same trait

38
Q

What are Dominant and Recessive Traits, and Incomplete Dominance

A

Dominant - outward form observed, two opposite-acting alleles are inherited

Recessive - only seen when only non-dominant alleles are inherited

Incomplete Dominance - dominant and recessive results in a combination of the two

39
Q

What is a Polygenic trait

A
  • traits determined by several genes working together
40
Q

What is a genotype

A
  • combination of alleles present

BB – Homozygous Dominant
Bb – Heterozygous Dominant
bb – Homozygous Recessive

41
Q

What is a Phenotype

A

the trait actually expressed

42
Q

what is the difference between Extinction and Extirpation

A

Extinction - disappearance of every individual of a species

Extirpation - disappearance of a species from an area

43
Q

What are the different levels of Extinction/Extirpation

A

Endangered - immediate danger of extinction/extirpation

Threatened - likely to become extinct/extirpation

Special Concern - vulnerable to natural events or human activities

44
Q

What is Overspecialization

A
  • some species have adapted to very small set of environmental conditions
  • usually occurs in stable area where environment didn’t change
45
Q

What are the 4 main Human causes of Extinction

A

Habitat destruction
- caused by urbanization, construction, agricultural development, logging, damming rivers

Pollution
- pesticides, fertilizers, herbicides

Introduction of Non-Native species
- competition between species

Over-Hunting

46
Q

What is the difference between natural and artificial selection

A

humans control artificial selection instead of the environment. Artificial selection mainly used to recreate desirable traits

46
Q

What is the difference between natural and artificial selection

A

humans control artificial selection instead of the environment. Artificial selection mainly used to recreate desirable traits

47
Q

What are the main 4 types of Biotechnology

A

Biotechnology - use of living things to make products

Cloning - genetically identical copy of an entire organism or its cells or genes

Artificial insemination - artificial collection and injection of sperm from a male into a female (mainly used for livestock)

In vitro Fertilization - fertilization that happens outside the body (usually in Petri dish)

Genetic Engineering - intentional altering of DNA of an organism or population of organisms

48
Q

What is the difference between In-situ and Ex-Situ conservation

A

In-Situ. conservation - the maintenance of wild organisms within their functioning ecosystem

Ex-Situ conservation - the maintenance of organisms outside of their ecosystems or natural habitats

49
Q

What are some strategies to conserve biological diversity

A

Protected Areas - allows organisms to live undisturbed in their natural habitats

Restoration of Ecosystems and Species - contribute to restoring and protecting species and habitats

Resource use Policies - laws protect species that are endangered or threatened

Controlling the Spread of Exotic Species - laws regulate transport of organisms

Conservation of genetic Resources - store gene variations

Science 9 (5 decks)

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