Unit 5: Biological Diversity Flashcards
What are species
a group of organisms that have the same structures and can reproduce with one another
What are characteristics of living things
- made of cells
- need energy
- grow and develop
- reproduce
- adapt to their environment
What is biodiviersity
varieties of lifeforms, with their own characteristics and abilities
What is an ecosystem
living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) things in a shared environment
What is a population
when members of a species live in a specific area and share the same resources
What is a community
populations of different species live in the same area
Is there variation in species
same basic structure, but lots of variation
Where is the greatest species diversity
near the equator, further away from the equator means less diversity
What are the five kingdoms
Protista, Prokaryote, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae
What are Porkaryotae
Bacteria
- round/coccus, rod/bacillus, spiral/spirillum
- unicellular organisms
- no sperate nucleus
What are Protista
- unicellular organisms
- have nuclei
What are fungi
- yeast, mould, mushroom
- can’t create their own food
- absorb food from environment
What are Plantae
- plants, use photosynthesis
- multicellular organisms
- rigid cell wall
What are Animalia
- multicellular organisms
- capable of locomotion
- dependants on others for food
- cells bound by flexible membranes
What is the Hierarchical System in the kingdoms
Kingdom (King) Phylum (Phillip) (Subphylum) (Sometimes) Class (Comes) Order (Over) Family (For) Genus (Great) Species (Spaghetti)
What system is used to name orgainisms
- the “two-name” system
- first is genus (capital)
- then species name
What are the Three different types of interspecies relationship
Mutualism - both benefit
Commensalism - One benefits, other neither benefits nor harmed
Parasitism - One benefits, other harmed (usually not killed)
What are the Three different types of interspecies relationship
Mutualism - both benefit
Commensalism - One benefits, other neither benefits nor harmed
Parasitism - One benefits, other harmed (usually not killed)
What are the two types of relationships between competing species
Interspecies competition - neither benefits, competing for same resource
Resource Partitioning - co-exist, divide resources
What are Niches
- an organism’s habits and habitat
- what an organism eats, what eats it, habitat, effect on populations and environment
Broad Niche - Can live in a variety of different environments (more likely to survive change)
Narrow Niche - live in specific environment (can be eliminated by one change in ecosystem)
What is natural selection
- “nature” chooses who will survive to reproduce
- organisms with the best qualities will survive to reproduce, therefore their offspring will be more likely to have those qualities
What is the difference between Heritable and Non-heritable characteristics
Heritable - passed from generation to generation
Non-Heritable - acquired characteristics
What is the difference between discrete and Continuous variations
Discrete - one form or the other (hitched thumb)
Continuous - range of forms (height)
What are different types of asexual reproduction
Binary Fission - cell splits into 2 identical copies
Budding - parent creates replica, can be attached or detached
Spore Production - division of cells of parent, each spore can produce identical copy of parent
Vegetative Reproduction - Part of parent plant grow into separate plant
What are different types of asexual reproduction
Binary Fission - cell splits into 2 identical copies
Budding - parent creates replica, can be attached or detached
Spore Production - division of cells of parent, each spore can produce identical copy of parent
Vegetative Reproduction - Part of parent plant grow into separate plant
What is the process of creating an embryo
- Sperm and egg cell are Gametes
- Fertilization of egg creates Zygote
- Zygote divides into 2 cells, repeated during Cleavage
- More cell divisions created Embryo
What are the main parts of the stamen
Anthers - carry pollen
Filament - hold up anthers
What are the main parts of the pistil
Stigma - sticky surface on top of pistil traps and holds pollen
Style - tube-like structure holds up stigma
Ovary - contains ovule
What are the advantages and disadvantages of Cross-pollination
Advantages
- genetic variability
- Strong evolutionary potential
- Adaptation to changing conditions
- Successful long-term
Disadvantages
- can destroy well adapted genes
- relies on effective cross-pollination, seed dispersal and establishment
What are the advantages and disadvantages of Self-pollination
Advantages
- Preserves well-adapted genetics
- Insures seed set in the absence of pollinators
- Overcomes sterility
- Single colonizing individual possible
Disadvantages
- evolutionary dead end
- can’t adapt to changes
- successful short term
What is DNA
- Deoxyribonucleic acid
- responsible for storing genetic information and passing it on
What makes up DNA
- double helix structure (twisted ladder)
- the pairs are Guanine, Cytosine (GC) and Adenine and Thiamine (AT)
- genetic code is based on their arrangement
What are Chromosomes
- DNA packages
- located in cell’s nucleus
- human’s have 46 chromosomes
- Chromosomes are pairs
What is a Karyotype
- a full set of chromosomes
What are genes
- a segment of DNA
- responsible for inheritance of organism’s characteristic features
- contains coded instruction
What are Alleles
- a possible form of a DNA sequence
- Dominant Alleles are capitals
- Recessive Alleles are not capitals
What is Mitosis
- occurs in body cells of multicellular organisms
- used for growth and repair
What is Meiosis
- division of sex cells (gametes)
- creates full set of DNA
what is the difference between hybrid and purebred
Hybrid - organism produced by crossing two different purebred parents
Purebred - organism whose ancestors have the same trait
What are Dominant and Recessive Traits, and Incomplete Dominance
Dominant - outward form observed, two opposite-acting alleles are inherited
Recessive - only seen when only non-dominant alleles are inherited
Incomplete Dominance - dominant and recessive results in a combination of the two
What is a Polygenic trait
- traits determined by several genes working together
What is a genotype
- combination of alleles present
BB – Homozygous Dominant
Bb – Heterozygous Dominant
bb – Homozygous Recessive
What is a Phenotype
the trait actually expressed
what is the difference between Extinction and Extirpation
Extinction - disappearance of every individual of a species
Extirpation - disappearance of a species from an area
What are the different levels of Extinction/Extirpation
Endangered - immediate danger of extinction/extirpation
Threatened - likely to become extinct/extirpation
Special Concern - vulnerable to natural events or human activities
What is Overspecialization
- some species have adapted to very small set of environmental conditions
- usually occurs in stable area where environment didn’t change
What are the 4 main Human causes of Extinction
Habitat destruction
- caused by urbanization, construction, agricultural development, logging, damming rivers
Pollution
- pesticides, fertilizers, herbicides
Introduction of Non-Native species
- competition between species
Over-Hunting
What is the difference between natural and artificial selection
humans control artificial selection instead of the environment. Artificial selection mainly used to recreate desirable traits
What is the difference between natural and artificial selection
humans control artificial selection instead of the environment. Artificial selection mainly used to recreate desirable traits
What are the main 4 types of Biotechnology
Biotechnology - use of living things to make products
Cloning - genetically identical copy of an entire organism or its cells or genes
Artificial insemination - artificial collection and injection of sperm from a male into a female (mainly used for livestock)
In vitro Fertilization - fertilization that happens outside the body (usually in Petri dish)
Genetic Engineering - intentional altering of DNA of an organism or population of organisms
What is the difference between In-situ and Ex-Situ conservation
In-Situ. conservation - the maintenance of wild organisms within their functioning ecosystem
Ex-Situ conservation - the maintenance of organisms outside of their ecosystems or natural habitats
What are some strategies to conserve biological diversity
Protected Areas - allows organisms to live undisturbed in their natural habitats
Restoration of Ecosystems and Species - contribute to restoring and protecting species and habitats
Resource use Policies - laws protect species that are endangered or threatened
Controlling the Spread of Exotic Species - laws regulate transport of organisms
Conservation of genetic Resources - store gene variations
