Unit 5: Animal Nutrition

Question 1

What needs does a nutrient adequate diet satisfy?

Answer 1

1. Chemical energy for cellular respiration
2. Organic building blocks for carbs and other macromolecules (biosynthesis)
3. Essential nutrients

Question 2

What must be obtained by organisms for biosynthesis?

Answer 2

Organic carbon (ex: sugar) and organic nitrogen (amino acids from the digestion of protein)

Question 3

What are the 4 essential nutrients?

Answer 3

1. Essential amino acids
2. Essential FA
3. Vitamins
4. Minerals

Question 4

How many AA’s required for animals/humans to make protein?

Answer 4

Animals: 20 (half can be synthesized, other half needs to be obtained through food)
Humans: 8 (humans can not make unsaturated FA)

Question 5

What are vitamins and their two classes? What are minerals and some important ones for living

Answer 5

Organic molecules required in diet in small amounts (13 have been found in humans)
2 classes:
Water soluble: All B vitamins, biotin, and C
Fat soluble: A, D, E, K

Inorganic nutrient needed in small amounts
Ex:
Calcium and phosphorus - building / maintains bone
Iron - Cytochromes and hemoglobin (iron deficiency = anemia - unhealthy red blood cells)
Iodine - hormones that regulate metabolism (iodine deficiency = goiter = thyroid problems)
Sodium, potassium, chloride - functioning of nerves and maintaining osmotic balance

Question 6

Undernourishment vs malnourishment

Answer 6

Undernourished = diet that supplies not enough chemical energy
Malnourished = Long term absence of one or more essential nutrients?

Question 7

What is the food processing order?

Answer 7

Ingestion to digestion to absorption to elimination

Question 8

Chemical digestion vs Mechanical digestion

Answer 8

Mechanical. Physically break food into smaller particles to increase surface area
Chemical: enzymes break intermolecular bonds with the addition of water (called enzymatic hydrolysis)

Question 9

What are the different macromolecules broken down into in digestion?

Answer 9

Protein = Amino acid
Poly/disaccharide = monosaccharides
Nucleic acid = nucleotides, nitrogenous bases, sugars, phosphate
Fats (triglycerides) = 3 fatty acid and glycerol

Question 10

What is intracellular digestion and how does it work?

Answer 10

Intracellular digestion: Hydrolysis of food inside of vacuole

Accomplished through phagocytosis or pinocytosis with help of lysosome

Ex: sponges (Porifera)

Question 11

What is the digestive compartment called gastrovascular do?

Answer 11

One opening pouch that functions in the digestion and distribution of nutrients

Question 12

Digestive tubes with two openings called… and what are the 7 parts of the tube, and the 4 accessory organs/glands that help out?

Answer 12

Complete digestive tract or alimentary canal
1.mouth
2. Pharynx
3. Esophagus
4. Stomach
5. Small intestine (3 parts: duodenum, jejenum, ileum)
6. Large intestine
7. Rectum

Accessory:
1. Salivary glands
2. Pancreas
3. Liver
4. Gall bladder

Question 13

What happens in ingestion? Where does it occur?

Answer 13

Occurs in mouth

What happens:
Mechanical digestion breaks food into smaller pieces while salivary glands release saliva

Enzyme in saliva called amylase hydrolyzes starch (plants) and glycogen (animals) into smaller polysaccharides and the disaccharides MALTOSE (simple sugars)

Question 14

Explain the function of the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus in ingestion?

Answer 14

Tongues helps shape food into a ball called bolus and helps push it back to the pharynx or throat

Pharynx opens the passage to esophagus and trachea (lungs)
The epiglottis prevents food from going into the trachea

Esophagus moves bolus down into stomach using rhythmic contractions called peristalsis
In order to go to stomach p, food must go through the cardiac sphincter (ring like muscles that closes of and regulate passage of materials)

Question 15

Explain the stomach, it’s functions, and the 2 components carrying out digestion in stomach

Answer 15

1. Stomach primarily stores food and continues digestion
2. Stomach secretes digestive fluids called gastric juice and it combines food to make chyme
3. Food stays in stomach for 2-6 hours then is slowly released by pyloric sphincter into small intestine

2 components in digestion in the stomach:

1. HCL: Disrupts ECM that binds cells together in plant/meat cells and it’s PH of 2 kills bacteria and denatures proteins (HCL secreted by parietal cells)
2. Pepsin: protease (protein-breaking enzyme) and is the inactive form pepsinogen until expose to HCL (secreted by chief cells)

Question 16

Where does most enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecules occur? What happens in different parts of small intestine? What are the ridged pattern of the intestine called, and what do they do?

Answer 16

Small intestine - first 25 cm forms duodenum where chyme mixes with digestive juices from pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and glands from intestinal wall

Most digestion competed in duodenum while the jejunum and ileum functionmainy, to absorb nutrients and water

Villi and microvili: increase SA = increase absorption and allow passive and active transport of sugars, vitamins, and AA

Question 17

What does the pancreas do, and what enzymes does it release? What does liver and gall bladder produce,a do what does it do?

Answer 17

Pancreas helps chemical digestion:
1. producing bicarbonate (alkaline solution) and
2. releasing enzymes such as trypsin/ chymotrypsin = polypeptides to smaller polypeptides; carboxypeptidase = small poly peptides to AA; lipase = fats into 3 fatty acid and glycerol; nuclease = DNA/RNA into nucleotide; Pancreatic Amylase = break down polysaccharides into disaccharides

Liver and gall bladder help the digestion of lipids with the use of bile (liver makes bile and gall bladder stores bile)

The bile emulsifies lipids into smaller droplets to help the pancreas lipase beak down the lipids

Question 18

What enzymes does only the small intestine itself release (not pancreas)

Answer 18

Amino peptidase and dipeptidases= protein fragment to amino acid

disaccharidases = disaccharide into monosaccharides

intestinal nucleases = nucleotide to nitrogen base, 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group

Question 19

What is the large intestine consisted of and what do Therese parts do?

Answer 19

Consists of colon, rectum, cecum

Colon: Absorbs water through osmosis
Cecum: ferments ingest materials (appendix connected = helps immunity)
Rectum: shit place

Question 20

Bacteria in digestive system do what…

Answer 20

1. Produce vitamins
2. Regulate development of intestinal epithelium
3. Help the immune system
4. aid in water absorption

Question 21

Ruminants have

Answer 21

4 stomachs and need microorganism to digest

Question 22

Nervous system to help regulate activities of digestive system

Answer 22

Enteric division

Question 23

Hormones to know

Answer 23

Gastrin: stimulstes production of gastric juices
Secretin: stimulates production of bicarbonate
Cholecystokinin (triggered by FA/AA): stimulates release of enzymes form pancreas and bile from gall bladder

Secretin + CCK inhibit peristalsis = slower digestion