Unit 5: Agriculture Flashcards
agriculture
the purposeful cultivation of plants or raising of animals to produce goods for survival.
climate
long term patterns of weather in an area (temperature and precipitation)
factors of agriculture
temperature, precipitation, elevation,soil, topography
close to the equator=
growing season all year round
bid rent theory
high value land= purchase less and use intensively (high yields)
low value land= purchase more and use extensively
survey methods
metes and bounds, long lot, and township/range
metes and bounds survery
spread through relocation, uses natural features to set boundaries (ex: stream, river, forest, etc.)
long lot survey system
divides land into narrow (linear) paracels stretching from rivers, roads, and canals.
- allows for equal access to resources/transportation
-French areas of US
township and range survey system
based on grid system (6x6, 1 mile sections)
- dispersed land designed for the Land Ordinance by Thomas Jefferson
inputs (used to intensive)
chemical fertilizer, pesticides, growth regulators, etc.
types of intensive agriculture
-plantation
-mixed crop/livestock
- dairy
-Mediterranean
- intensive subsistence wet rice
- market gardening
monoculture
crop rotation every season
-restores nutrients, raises stakes, increases yields, must invest in inputs
truck farming
serves market distance from farm
- mexico/south US
on the farm mixed farming vs between
on: crop/livestock raised on the same farm
between: share resources
Extensive subsistence
nomadic herding and shifting cultivation/slash and burn
extensive commercial
ranching
CAFOS
Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations
-smaller land, more animals
-form of intensive commercial
Ex: Kenya
Both intensive and extensive
coffee plantation (int commercial) and nomadic herding (ext subs)
fertile crescent
eastern Mediterranean, first place of domestication, wheat, barely, sheep, goat, cattle.
southeast asia
700 BCE, plas, sugarcane and root vegetables
Ex: Kiwi
modern diffusion from US army in China to USA
columbian exchange
Old world (Europe/Africa)—> New World (America)
- spread disease/impacted immunity of native americans
central america
800 BCE, sweet potatoes, beans,turkey, corn
andean highlands
beans, tomatoes, llamas, alpacas
east africa
coffee, olives, peas, grain
west africa
millets, solanum
rye
southwest asia —-> northeast europe
oranges
Malaysia—> Mediterranean
1st agricultural revolution
foraging–> farming
rice, wheat, maize
sheep, goat, cattle, pig, chicken, horse
tools made of stone/bone
more food–> population growth
food variety decreases due staple
specialized labor
productive/complex societies
2nd Agricultural revolution
- same time period as the industrial revolution (steel plow, horse drawn steel drill, mechanical reaper)
- drainage systems, increased yields, innovation
- enclosure system: individually owned land–> more control over land use but pushed peasants back
3rd Agricultural revolution
Aka green revolution
mechanical—> electrical power
core countries –> periphery
GMOs helped enhance disease/drought resistance
productivity increase through technology
high yields of strains of grain crops (wheat/rice)
mexico, india, indonesia (low yields, large population areas)
effects
saved lives, nourished
decreased need for human labor
need for water increased
pesticides/chemicals polluted water
need for energy
biodiversity
women empowerment
leads to higher yields/opportunities
