Unit 5 - Absolutism to Enlightenment

Question 1

The Age of Absolutism

Answer 1

Originally came from the decline of the Catholic Church, continuous warfare in war, such as the 30 year war, breakdown of feudalism and rise of the early modern state with mercantilism, and how monarchs were able to start consolidating power especially through Trans Atlantic Trade.

Question 2

Divine Right

Answer 2

Absolute monarchs ruled with divine right, claiming their authority to rule came from God

Question 3

The Mandate of Heaven

Answer 3

According to this belief, the ruler (the Emperor) is granted the divine right to rule by Heaven, but this right is not absolute and can be revoked if the ruler fails to govern justly and effectively.

Question 4

Absolutism

Answer 4

A form of government in which a single ruler, usually a monarch, holds absolute power and authority over the state and its people. It emerged in Europe during the 16th century, notably in France under Louis XIV, who famously declared, “L’État, c’est moi” (“I am the state”). Other key figures include Peter the Great in Russia and Frederick the Great in Prussia. They centralized authority, strengthened the state, and often pursued policies of religious and cultural homogeneity. This was able to happen due to the increase in trade and economy for Europe, where monarchs were taking away power from the church and many economic ventures were state funded.

Question 5

Louis XIV

Answer 5

Louis XIV, also known as the “Sun King,” reigned as King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715, making him one of the longest-reigning monarchs in European history. He is best remembered for his absolutist rule, epitomized by his famous declaration, “L’État, c’est moi” (“I am the state”). Louis centralized power in his own hands, building an elaborate court at the Palace of Versailles, where he exercised control over the nobility through a system of patronage and strict etiquette. He pursued an ambitious foreign policy, engaging in numerous wars to expand French territory and influence in Europe. However, his reign also saw economic challenges, such as high taxes and financial instability, as well as religious persecution, most notably against Protestant Huguenots following the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. Louis XIV’s reign left a lasting legacy of absolutism and grandeur in French history, but it also contributed to social unrest and paved the way for subsequent political reforms.