unit 5

Question 1

4 points of Mendel

Answer 1

Genes with different variations of inherited characters
Each organism receives genes from both of the parents
Dominant gens determines the appearance
Law of segregation- 2 alleles separates from each other and end up in different gametes.

Question 2

Test cross

Answer 2

Cross with homo recessive

Question 3

Addition and multiplication

Answer 3

Multiplication- to find the probability of 2 independent events happening
Addition- when more than one arrangement of events producing specific events are possible. Ex: one blue then one red

Question 4

Explain Tay-Sachs and complete, incomplete, plus codominant

Answer 4

Incomplete dominance- blending ( white plus red equals pink), intermediate phenotype.
Codominant- both traits showed. Heterozygous
Completely dominance- no recessive.

Question 5

Genetic skin example

Answer 5

2 or more genes on one factor
Capital (dominance) lower case (recessive)
Heterozygous in the middle

Question 6

Epistasis

Answer 6

two separate genes control one gene but one masks the expression of another gene.

Question 7

Inbreeding = birth defects

Answer 7

More likely to breed homozygous traits that are undesirable.

Question 8

Sickle-cell anemia

Answer 8

• Caused by substitution of a amino acid in the hemoglobin protein of red blood cells.
• Reduces the severity of malaria attacks

Question 9

Why more lethal recessive alleles

Answer 9

Recessive carries down but dominants showed and more likely to cause death.

Question 10

Fetal testing

Answer 10

Amniocentesis- inserts a needle and get amniotic fluid

Chorionic villus sampling- inserts a narrow tube and takes out a tissue.

Question 11

Morgan fruit fly experiment

Answer 11

Show how chromosomes affects inheritance factors
Fruits fly 3 autónomos and 1 sex chromosome
XY XX
Wild type red eyes
White eyes only on male
Linked to X

Question 12

Basics of chromosome theory of inheritance

Answer 12

Chromosomes in pairs in diploid cell and separated during meiosis

Question 13

Types of sex chromosome

Answer 13

X-Y- sex depend on the sperm cell ( X or Y)
X-0- determined by whether the cell has X or no X chromosome
Z-X- sex chromosome in egg determines. F: ZW M: ZZ
Haploid-diploid- no sex chromosome, female from fertilized egg and are diploid. Male, unfertilized and haploid.

Question 14

X linked diseases

Answer 14

Color blindness
Dúchense muscular dystrophy- weakens muscle plus loss of coordination
Hemophilia- absence of one or more protein for blood clotting.

Question 15

Crossing over unlinked genes

Answer 15

Break physical connection between alleles.

Question 16

Linkage map

Answer 16

Find the recombination rate of it and able to figure out how often it occurs.

Question 17

Information of cytogenetic map

Answer 17

Locates gene with chromosome receives two of the chromosome and another with no copy.

Question 18

Monosomic, trisomic, polyploidy

Answer 18

Monosomic- missing chromosome in the zygote
Trisomic- present in triplicate +1
Polyploidy- more than 2 complete chromosome in all somatic cells.

Question 19

Alternations of chromosome structure

Answer 19

Deletion- fragment is lost
Duplication- extra fragment attaches to same fragment
Inversion- attaches to original but in reverse orientation
Translocation- a fragment joining another fragment

Question 20

Imprinting

Answer 20

When one gene is expressed the other would not be express.

Question 21

Mitochondrial DNA

Answer 21

Makes proteins and if go wrong it could cause many diseases.

Ex: Myopathy.