Unit 5 & 6 & 7 Diseases Flashcards
What’s a communicable disease
A disease that can be spread
How are communicable diseases spread
By pathogens
What’s a pathogen
A microorganism that causes disease
What’s a non communicable disease
A disease that cannot be spread
Define health
The state of physical mental and social well-being
How does e.g someone with HIV more likely to have turburculosis
Because they have a defective immune system
What are the pathogens
Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Protists
How do bacteria make us ill
They
Get into the hosts body
Reproduce rapidly
Release toxins
How do toxins make us feel I’ll
They damage tissues
How do viruses make us I’ll
They
Get invades host cell
Uses cell machinery to replicate
Viruses cause the cell to burst
How are pathogens
Air
Water
Direct contact
Food unhygienic
List the ways we can prevent the spread of pathogens
Wash hands
Clean drinking water
Wear masks
Isolate
Condoms
Vaccines
What are the symptoms of measles
Fever
Red skin rash
How is measles spread and caught
Air
Coughs and sneezes
Caught by inhaling droplets
What are the symptoms of HIV
Flu like symptoms
How is HIV spread
Sexual intercourse
Share infected needles
Antibiotics ….
Kill bacterial cells only
How is salmonella caught
By eating infected food
How does salmonella cause abdominal pain
The bacteria secrete harmful toxin
How is gonorrhoea spread
Sexually transmitted
What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea
Yellow or green discharge
Pain when urinated
Why would antibiotics not work during a long period of time
Because the antibiotic has become resistant
What pathogen is malaria
Protist
What are the symptoms of malaria
Fever
Describe the cycle of malaria
- A mosquito bites an infected person
- The mosquito bites a different person and spreads the pathogen
How is malaria spread
Vector , mosquito
How do we prevent the spread of malaria
- Stop the vector from breeding
- Spray mosquito with insecticide
- Mosquito nets
What’s the job of the non specific defence system
To prevent pathogen from entering the body
What are the non specific defence systems
Skin
Nose hairs and mucus
Ciliates cells
Stomach acid
How does is the skin a defence system
The dead skin on the epidermis makes it difficult for pathogens to enter
The oily substance (sebum) kills bacteria
How does the Jose prevent pathogens from entering the body
They trap the pathogens and are ejected when sneezing or blowing nose
How do the lungs prevent pathogens from causing disease
They contain cilia hairs which waft mucus to the throat or the stomach
How does the stomach kill bacteria
It contains HCl to kill bacteria
What does the immune system do
- Destroys pathogens and their toxins
- Protects us from the same pathogen harming in the future
What are the two specific defence systems
Phagocytes
Lymphocytes
How do white blood cells destroy pathogens
Phagocytosis
Antibodies
Release antitoxins
Describe phagocytosis
Where white blood cells (phagocytes) engulf and digest pathogens
How do antibodies destroy pathogens
They are complimentary to the pathogen and therefore it triggers the pathogen to be destroyed
What are antibodies
Y shaped Protein molecules
Antibodies are ___________ to the pathogen
Specific
How do the white blood cells protect us from the same disease in the future
Antibodies are specific to the pathogen and remain in the blood for a long time
How do antitoxins help treat disease
They stick to the toxins and therefore prevent them from damaging the cell
What are lymphocytes
White blood cells
What is the first step of producing monoclonal antibodies
A mouse is injected with an antigen
The rats lymphocytes will produce antibodies specific to that antigen
What’s the second step to produce monoclonal antibody
We extract the lymphocytes and fuse them with a tumour cell
This is called a hybridoma
Why do we fuse a lymphocyte and a tumour cell when making monoclonal antibodies
Because the lymphocytes cannot divide by mitosis by itself
What’s a hybridoma
The lymphocytes and the tumour cell fused together
What’s the third step in producing monoclonal antibodies
We select a single hybridoma cell and let them divide by mitosis to produce IDENTICAL hybridoma cells
What is a benefit of monoclonal antibodies
They are specific to a certain cell or chemical
How are monoclonal antibody used in pregnancy tests
What’s TMV and what pathogen causes it
Tobacco mosaic virus
Caused by virus
What pathogen causes rose black spots
Fungi
What does TMV do to the plant
It discounters the leaf in a mosaic pattern
This reduces the rate of photosynthesis
Therefore growth is reduced
What does rose black spot do to a plant
It causes the leaves to have black or purple spots then turn yellow and fall off
The rate of photosynthesis is reduced so no growth
How is rose black spot transmitted
By water or wind
How do we treat rose black spots
Fungicides
Remove infected leaves
What’s a vaccine
A dead or weakened form of the pathogen
How does a vaccine work
When the vaccine is injected the white blood cells are stimulated to produce antibodies
How is a vaccine a long term prevention
The white blood cells can divide by mitosis and stay in the blood for a long time
If the same pathogen were to enter the body after a vaccine what would happen
The white blood cells will produce antibodies specific to the antigen of the pathogen quickly
Define herd immunity
When a large portion of the population is vaccinated so an unvaccinated person cannot be infected
How does herd immunity work
The unvaccinated person can’t catch the disease because there’s no one that can pass the pathogen on
What’s antibiotic resistance
When the antibiotics are no longer effective because the bacteria has evolved
What do painkillers do
Relieve the symptoms by relieving pain
Why can antibiotics not treat viruses
Because viruses get inside the cell so the drugs will kill body tissues
What drug derives from fox gloves
Heart drug digitalis
Where was aspirin derived from
Willow trees
Where does penicillin come from
The penicillium mould
What’s the first step in drug testing
Test the toxicity ( safe for humans)
Whats
