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Biology Semester 2 > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

When are Homologous chromosomes present during Meiosis 1?

A

Interphase-metaphase 1

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2
Q

When does independent assortment occur?

A

Metaphase 1

homologous chromosomes line up randomly on the sides

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3
Q

When does crossing over occur?

A

Prophase 1

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4
Q

When are Tetrads present during Meiosis?

A

Prophase-Metaphase 1

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5
Q

What does 2 large X chromosome’s mean?

A

It’s a girl

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6
Q

What does a big X chromosome and a small Y one mean?

A

It’s a boy

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7
Q

What does the equation 2n stand for?

A

Combinations of unique gametes

independent assortment equation

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8
Q

After Meiosis is complete how many sperm cells are made?

A

4

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9
Q

What has to happen in order for meiosis to be complete in the female? How many cells are made?

A

Fertilization, 1 egg cell is created but the remaining three are polar bodies that degrade in the body

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10
Q

Why are Homologous chromosomes all the same?

A

Because of genes, but alleles are what make them different because they have 2 types of genes

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11
Q

How do the cells at the end of meiosis compare with the parent cell?

A

They start as Diploids, then increased directly through crossover and independent assortment and end as diploid

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12
Q

Why do we need diversity?

A

To create Gametes that are haploid. Then they can combine during fertilization producing a diploid egg

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13
Q

Why is genetic diversity produced by meiosis is a good thing for nature?

A

Helps to maintain health of the population by including alleles that provide variation of traits

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14
Q

Sister Chromatid

A

Identical copies of a replicated chromosome joined by a centromere

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15
Q

Mitosis traits

A

Results in 2 diploid (2N) cells
Identical cells result
Somatic

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16
Q

Meiosis traits

A

Results in 4 haploid (1N) cells
Not identical cells result
Independent assortment and crossing over occurs

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17
Q

What order do these go in?

Random fertilization
Crossing over
Independent assortment

A

Crossing over
Independent assortment
Random fertilization

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18
Q

Crossing over

A

Homologous chromosomes exchange genetic info during prophase 1

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19
Q

Independent assortment

A

Homologous chromosomes arrange randomly during metaphase 1

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20
Q

Random fertilization

A

The ovum has 8 million possible chromosome’s to combine, so do the sperm cells

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21
Q

Diploid, what process do we see this kind of cell?

A

Containing 2 complete sets of chromosomes from each parent

Mitosis

22
Q

Haploid, what process do we see this kind of cell?

A

A single set if unpaired chromosomes

Meiosis

23
Q

What are homologous chromosomes? What makes a pair of homologous chromosomes different from each other?

A

2 sets of each chromosome’s where 1 pair comes from the mother and the other comes from the father (have different alleles)

24
Q

What is a gene?

A

Section of DNA that controls the characteristics if an individual through protein production

25
Q

What is an allele?

A

1 or more alternate forms of a gene

26
Q

What is a Tetrad, when is it formed?

A

A homologous pair of chromosomes each made of 2 chromatids that form in late prophase 1

27
Q

What does Nondisjunction in Meiosis 1 result as?

A

The pairs of homologous chromosome’s fail to separate, and 4 cells end up with the incorrect # of chromosomes

28
Q

What does Nondisjunction in Meiosis 2 result as?

A

Sister Chromosomes fail to separate and 2 cells end up with the wrong # of chromosomes

29
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

Organized profile of a persons chromosomes

30
Q

Explain the difference between autosomal and sex chromosome’s and how many of each you would find in a human karyotype

A

Autosomes are the somatic chromosomes that control body characteristics. We have 22 setsC sex chromosome’s determine gender and we have 1 set

31
Q

Monosomy

A

Missing a chromosome on a pair

32
Q

Anuplodiy

A

Abnormal # of chromosomes in the body

33
Q

Deletion

A

Part of a chromosome is missing

ABC-DFG

34
Q

When does the cell go from diploid to haploid during Meiosis?

A

Telophase 1 (after cytokinesis)

35
Q

Trimosy

A

1 extra chromosome on a pair

36
Q

Non disjunction

A

Uneven separation of chromosomes during Anaphase 1 and 2 in Meiosis

37
Q

Inversion

A

Letter swaps with another in sequence

38
Q

Translocation

A

Letter breaks off of one sequence and gets attached to another

39
Q

2 sets of chromosomes is a…

A

Holomongous, diploid

40
Q

1/2 set of chromosome is a…

A

Haploid

41
Q

When are Tetrads formed?

A

Prophase 1

42
Q

The reduction division

A

Meioses

43
Q

Between meiosis 1 and 2 the chromosomes…?

A

Duplicate

44
Q

The longest part of meiosis

A

Prophase 1

45
Q

Gamete production is a result of…?

A

Meiosis

46
Q

Meiosis 2 looks like…?

A

Mitosis

47
Q

At the end of Meosis what does the female produce?

A

1 egg and 3 polar bodies

48
Q

Meosis starts with (blank) and ends with (blank)

A

1 diploid, 4 haploid

49
Q

When does this happen in meiosis?

Chromosome is shorter and thicker, and the nuclear membrane breaks down and disappears

A

Prophase

50
Q

Cell replacement, growth and healing is the result of?

A

Mitosis

51
Q

What’s the difference between a haploid and diploid cell?

A

n-haploid, 1/2 # of chromosomes

2n-diploid, full set

Biology Semester 2 (3 decks)

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