Unit 5

Question 1

What does PMAT stand for in meiosis?

Answer 1

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Question 2

What is the main purpose of meiosis?

Answer 2

To halve the chromosome number and generate genetic diversity

Question 3

What happens during Prophase 1 of meiosis?

Answer 3

Homologous chromosomes cross over and exchange genetic information

Question 4

What occurs during Metaphase 1?

Answer 4

Homologous pairs line up across the middle and attach to spindle fibers

Question 5

What is the significance of Anaphase 1?

Answer 5

Homologous chromosomes are randomly assorted and separated, increasing genetic variation

Question 6

What occurs in Telophase 1?

Answer 6

Chromosomes are condensed into half the chromosome number

Question 7

Why is there no chromosome replication during interkinesis?

Answer 7

To avoid doubling the chromosome number after halving it in meiosis 1

Question 8

How many rounds of division occur in meiosis?

Answer 8

Two rounds of division

Question 9

What happens during Anaphase 2?

Answer 9

Sister chromatids split and are pulled to opposite ends

Question 10

What is produced at the end of Telophase 2?

Answer 10

4 genetically different haploid cells

Question 11

What is nondisjunction?

Answer 11

A meiotic error where chromosomes stay together or are short, affecting offspring

Question 12

Give an example of a condition caused by nondisjunction.

Answer 12

Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)

Question 13

What is gametogenesis?

Answer 13

The process of forming gametes

Question 14

What are the end products of sperm formation?

Answer 14

4 haploid sperm cells

Question 15

What are the end products of egg cell formation?

Answer 15

1 egg cell and 3 polar bodies

Question 16

True or False: Males have a limited number of sperm.

Answer 16

False

Question 17

What can affect phenotypes besides genetics?

Answer 17

Environmental conditions such as temperature, soil pH, UV light, and colored light

Question 18

What is phenotypic plasticity?

Answer 18

The ability of organisms to produce distinct phenotypes in response to environmental variation

Question 19

How do you calculate the probability of desired offspring genotype?

Answer 19

Stack parents’ genotypes, check how many outcomes yield desired genotype, make a fraction and multiply

Question 20

What is the number of chromosomes before meiosis?

Answer 20

46 chromosomes

Question 21

What is the haploid number of chromosomes after the second round of meiosis?

Answer 21

23 chromosomes

Question 22

Define X-linked dominant inheritance.

Answer 22

A dad can pass the trait to daughters but not to sons

Question 23

Define X-linked recessive inheritance.

Answer 23

Affected males have carrier daughters

Question 24

Where are mitochondrial genes found?

Answer 24

In mitochondria, not in the nucleus

Question 25

What is the difference between linked and non-linked genes?

Answer 25

Linked genes travel together on the same chromosome, affecting Mendel’s ratios

Question 26

What is the primary difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Answer 26

Mitosis produces 2 identical daughter cells; meiosis produces 4 genetically different haploid cells

Question 27

What is non-Mendelian inheritance?

Answer 27

Inheritance patterns that do not follow Mendel’s laws, such as incomplete dominance or codominance

Question 28

What goes on the x-axis of a graph?

Answer 28

Independent variable

Question 29

What goes on the y-axis of a graph?

Answer 29

Dependent variable