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Bio 20 > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 functions of the circulatory system?

A
  1. Carries nutrients
  2. Carries hormones
  3. Distributes heat
  4. Regulates body fluid levels
  5. Provides immunity (defense)
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2
Q

What is the direction of blood flow in the circulatory system?

A

Heart → artery → arteriole → capillary → venule → vein

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3
Q

What is the function of arteries?

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart and have thick, muscular walls.

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4
Q

What are arterioles?

A

Small arteries that can change diameter through vasoconstriction and vasodilation.

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5
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

The decrease in vessel diameter, making them narrower.

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6
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

The increase in vessel diameter, making them wider.

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7
Q

What is the role of the precapillary sphincter?

A

Regulates blood flow from arterioles into capillaries.

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8
Q

What are capillaries?

A

The smallest blood vessels, one cell thick, where diffusion occurs.

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9
Q

What are venules?

A

Small veins that carry blood from capillaries to veins.

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10
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

Veins carry blood back to the heart and have thin, smooth muscular walls with one-way valves.

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11
Q

What is the septum?

A

The muscle that separates the two sides of the heart.

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12
Q

What is cardiac muscle?

A

The muscle found in the heart, also called myogenic muscle.

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13
Q

What does pulmonary refer to?

A

Relating to the lungs.

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14
Q

What is the blood flow sequence through the heart?

A

Superior/inferior vena cava → Right atrium → Pulmonary veins → Left atrium → Tricuspid/AV valve → Semilunar valves → Right/left pulmonary artery → Lungs

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15
Q

What is the left ventricle’s role?

A

It is the most muscular heart chamber, responsible for pumping blood to the body.

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16
Q

What is the function of the AV valve?

A

Prevents the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria.

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17
Q

What is the function of the semilunar valve?

A

Prevents the backflow of blood from the arteries to the ventricles.

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18
Q

What is the coronary artery?

A

It supplies blood to the heart.

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19
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

One heartbeat.

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20
Q

What occurs during systole?

A

The heart (ventricles) contracts, AV valves close, producing the ‘lubb’ sound.

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21
Q

What occurs during diastole?

A

The heart (ventricles) relaxes, semilunar valves close, producing the ‘dubb’ sound.

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22
Q

What is an electrocardiograph?

A

A record of the heartbeat.

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23
Q

What does systemic refer to?

A

Relating to the body.

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24
Q

What does portal refer to?

A

Relating to the liver.

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25
Q

What is normal blood pressure?

A

120/70 (systolic/diastolic)

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26
Q

What is a sphygmomanometer?

A

A blood pressure cuff.

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27
Q

Where is blood pressure greatest and lowest in the vessels?

A

Greatest in arteries and lowest in veins near the heart.

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28
Q

Where is blood velocity highest and lowest in the vessels?

A

Highest in arteries and lowest in capillaries for diffusion.

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29
Q

Where is surface area greatest in the vessels?

A

Greatest in capillaries for diffusion.

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30
Q

What factors increase blood pressure?

A

Vasoconstriction, old age, lack of exercise, and high salt intake.

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31
Q

What factors decrease blood pressure?

A

Vasodilation, exercise, and bleeding.

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32
Q

What is the SA Node?

A

The pacemaker of the heart.

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33
Q

What is the AV Node?

A

Sends electrical impulses to the ventricles.

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34
Q

What are Purkinje Fibres?

A

Fibres that carry nerve impulses through the septum to the ventricles.

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35
Q

What is an artificial pacemaker?

A

A device placed under the skin to control heartbeat when the SA node fails.

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36
Q

What external factors affect heart rate?

A

Sympathetic nervous system increases HR, parasympathetic nervous system decreases HR, exercise increases HR, and high temperature increases HR.

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37
Q

What is the role of the medulla oblongata?

A

It controls heart rate and breathing rate.

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38
Q

What is hypertension?

A

High blood pressure.

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39
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

The hardening of arteries due to fat build-up, which causes high blood pressure.

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40
Q

What is angina?

A

Chest pains due to poor circulation or less oxygen to the heart.

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41
Q

What is a heart attack?

A

A complete blockage of the coronary arteries, leading to heart muscle death due to lack of oxygen.

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42
Q

What is a stroke?

A

Lack of oxygen in the brain, with symptoms including trouble speaking or paralysis on one side.

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43
Q

What is an embolus?

A

A blood clot that dislodges and jams in another vessel.

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44
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

A weak spot in an artery that can rupture.

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45
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

It returns extracellular fluid leaked from capillaries back to the circulatory system.

46
Q

How is lymph moved?

A

By skeletal muscle and contains one-way valves.

47
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

They contain white blood cells (WBCs) that fight infection.

48
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

Plasma (55%), White blood cells (WBCs) (<1%), Platelets (<1%), Red blood cells (RBCs) (44%)

49
Q

What is plasma composed of?

A

92% water; proteins (fibrinogen), glucose, vitamins, minerals, gases, and waste.

50
Q

What is an erythrocyte?

A

A red blood cell (RBC) with no nucleus that carries oxygen and contains hemoglobin.

51
Q

What is a leucocyte?

A

A white blood cell (WBC) with a nucleus, the largest blood cell, responsible for immunity.

52
Q

What is anemia?

A

A deficiency of red blood cells (RBCs) leading to low iron, low oxygen, and low energy.

53
Q

What are platelets?

A

Small, fragile cells involved in blood clotting, made from stem cells in bone marrow.

54
Q

What is blood clotting?

A

Fibrinogen (blood) + Thromboplastin (platelet) + Ca²⁺ (blood) = Fibrin (fibres)

55
Q

What are the blood types?

A

A, B, AB, and O.

56
Q

What are the characteristics of Type A blood?

A

Has A antigens, B antibodies; can receive from A and O; can donate to A and AB.

57
Q

What are the characteristics of Type B blood?

A

Has B antigens, A antibodies; can receive from B and O; can donate to B and AB.

58
Q

What are the characteristics of Type AB blood?

A

Has AB antigens, no antibodies; can receive from all; can donate to AB.

59
Q

What are the characteristics of Type O blood?

A

Has no antigens, A and B antibodies; can receive from O; can donate to all.

60
Q

What is the Rhesus factor?

A

An antigen on the RBC; if present, the person is Rh+ (A+, B+, AB+, or O+); if absent, Rh-.

61
Q

What is erythroblastosis fetalis?

A

A condition in a second child (Rh+) where Rh antibodies from the mother can travel through the placenta and affect the baby’s blood.

62
Q

What is sickle cell anemia?

A

A condition where hemoglobin is defective, changing the shape of RBCs and reducing oxygen transport.

63
Q

What is hemophilia?

A

A condition where the blood cannot clot.

64
Q

What is leukemia?

A

Cancer characterized by uncontrolled division of white blood cells (WBCs).

65
Q

What are the immune system barrier responses?

A

Skin (dead cells, oil), Digestive System (acid & enzymes), Gas exchange (cilia, mucus, coughing, sneezing), Urinary system (mucus, urine).

66
Q

What is the immune system non-barrier response (inflammatory)?

A

When a microbe enters the body: WBCs leave capillaries, WBCs engulf bacteria, lysosomes digest bacteria, pus forms.

67
Q

What is the first step in the immune response?

A

An antigen enters the body.

68
Q

What happens in the second step of the immune response?

A

A macrophage engulfs the antigen and pushes the antigen marker to the surface.

69
Q

What happens in the third step of the immune response?

A

Helper T cells copy the antigen shape.

70
Q

What happens in the fourth step of the immune response?

A

Helper T cells tell B cells to make antibodies.

71
Q

What happens in the fifth step of the immune response?

A

Antibodies attach to antigens.

72
Q

What are the sixth steps of the immune response?

A

6a: Macrophage engulfs antibodies; 6b: Killer T cells puncture antigens.

73
Q

What are the seventh steps of the immune response?

A

7a: Suppressor T cells stop the response; 7b: Memory T cells remember the antigen.

74
Q

How does HIV evade the immune system?

A

It does not leave glycoprotein on the surface of the cell and invades helper T cells.

75
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A glycoprotein on the surface of a cell, acting as the cell’s signature.

76
Q

What is an antibody?

A

A Y-shaped protein made by B cells in response to antigens, specific to the antigen.

77
Q

What are vaccines?

A

They contain dead or weakened viruses.

78
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Substances made from bacteria or fungi used to treat bacterial infections.

79
Q

What are the dangers of antibiotics?

A

1) Bacteria can become resistant; 2) Antibiotics cannot cure viruses; 3) Can cause side effects (allergic reactions).

80
Q

What is deamination?

A

The removal of an amino group from protein, producing ammonia + CO₂ → urea.

81
Q

What is the role of the kidney?

A

Site of blood filtration and urine production.

82
Q

What is the renal artery?

A

It brings blood to the kidney from the aorta.

83
Q

What is the renal vein?

A

It brings blood to the heart from the kidney.

84
Q

What is the ureter?

A

It carries urine from the kidney.

85
Q

What is the bladder?

A

The storage organ for urine.

86
Q

What is the urethra?

A

It carries urine out of the body.

87
Q

What is the renal cortex?

A

The outer layer of the kidney where filtration occurs.

88
Q

What is the renal medulla?

A

The middle layer of the kidney, responsible for water reabsorption.

89
Q

What is the renal pelvis?

A

It collects urine in the kidney and joins the kidney to the ureter.

90
Q

What is a nephron?

A

The functional unit of the kidney that filters blood and makes urine, with approximately 1,250,000 per kidney.

91
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

A ball of capillaries involved in pressure filtration.

92
Q

What is Bowman’s capsule?

A

It surrounds the glomerulus and is where urine enters the nephron (filtration).

93
Q

What is the proximal tubule?

A

Connected to Bowman’s capsule, it is the site of reabsorption.

94
Q

What is the loop of Henle?

A

It connects the proximal tubule and distal tubule and descends into the medulla.

95
Q

What is the distal tubule?

A

It leads to the collecting duct and is the site of secretion.

96
Q

What is the collecting duct?

A

It collects urine and carries it to the renal pelvis.

97
Q

What is filtration?

A

The process from glomerulus to Bowman’s capsule, where cells, proteins, and lipids remain in the blood.

98
Q

What is filtrate?

A

The fluid containing water, salt, glucose, amino acids, urea, and uric acid.

99
Q

What is reabsorption?

A

The process from the proximal tubule to blood, returning substances like glucose, amino acids, minerals, salt, and water.

100
Q

What is secretion?

A

The active transport of nitrogen wastes, H⁺ ions, and drugs from blood to the distal tubule, resulting in urine.

101
Q

What is urine composed of?

A

Excess sugars, salts, H⁺ ions, water, urea, and uric acid.

102
Q

What is ADH?

A

Antidiuretic hormone released when thirsty or dehydrated, increasing water absorption from the distal tubule and collecting duct.

103
Q

What is aldosterone?

A

A hormone released due to low blood pressure, increasing sodium absorption from the loop of Henle, leading to less urine and increased blood pressure.

104
Q

What is diabetes insipidus?

A

A condition where the body cannot produce ADH, leading to excessive urine production.

105
Q

What are kidney stones?

A

Minerals forming solid crystals that can be removed by surgery, ultrasound, or catheter.

106
Q

What is hemodialysis?

A

An artificial kidney machine used when the kidneys no longer work, filtering blood.

107
Q

What is peritoneal dialysis?

A

A method using the membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity to filter blood, where dialysate fluid is pumped into the abdomen and later drained.

108
Q

What is cardiac muscle?

A

Striated, tubular, and branched muscle found in the heart, with one nucleus per cell and involuntary contraction.

109
Q

What is smooth muscle?

A

Non-striated muscle found in the digestive system, blood vessels, and eyes, with one nucleus per cell and involuntary, sustained contractions.

110
Q

What is skeletal muscle?

A

Striated, tubular muscle attached to bones, with many nuclei per cell and voluntary contraction.

Bio 20 (2 decks)

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