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PSYC 289 > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is consciousness?

A

-awareness of internal and external stimuli (including awareness of a self and your thoughts)

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2
Q

How does an EEG work?

A

-measures the electrical activity of the brain using small electrodes placed on the scalp

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3
Q

What are the four primary states of consciousness and their associated brainwave patterns? (4)

A
  1. Alpha Waves (8-12 Hz) (awake but relaxed)
  2. Theta Waves (4-8 Hz) (NREM stage 1 & 2)
  3. Delta Waves (0.5-4 Hz) (NREM 3)
  4. Beta Waves (12-30 Hz) (REM)
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4
Q

What are Beta Waves (12-30 Hz) associated with?

A

-alertness and active thinking but also REM sleep

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5
Q

What are alpha waves (8-12 Hz) associated with?

A

-relaxed, calm wakefulness

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6
Q

What are theta waves (4-8 Hz) associated with?

A

-light sleep, drowsiness, and deep relaxation

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7
Q

What are delta waves (0.5-4 Hz) associated?

A

-deep sleep, slow-wave sleep, NREM stage 4

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8
Q

Describe stage 1 NREM sleep.

A

-low-amplitude, fast, irregular wave rhythm and relaxed muscles

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9
Q

Describe stage 2 NREM sleep.

A

-sleep spindles and K-complexes, sharply pointed waves

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10
Q

Describe stage 3 NREM sleep?

A

-high amplitude slow-wave sleep

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11
Q

Describe NREM stage 4.

A

-high-amplitude, slow waves known as delta waves (fewer than four cycles per second).

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12
Q

Describe REM sleep.

A

-active, low-amplitude waves AKA beta waves

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13
Q

What is the order in which sleep stages occur during sleep? As the night progresses which stages become shorter or longer? (2)

A

-NREM 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> REM in about 90 minute intervals, but you skip 1 after
-as the night progresses, NREM 3 becomes shorter while REM and stage 2 become longer

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14
Q

What are hypnic jerks?

A

-the feeling when you jolt yourself awake and sometime it feels like you’re falling, happens during stage 1 usually

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15
Q

Describe the difference between dreaming and vivid dreaming? (2)

A

-dreaming occurs both in REM and NREM
-vivid dreaming typically occurs during REM and is more emotionally intense and more likely to be remember upon waking

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16
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

-network of neurons located in the brainstem that plays a crucial role in regulating arousal, consciousness, and the sleep-wake cycle.

17
Q

What is the ascending reticular activating system?

A

-connection between reticular formation and cortex that is necessary for maintaining wakefulness and alertness

18
Q

What is selective sleep deprivation?

A

-a type of sleep deprivation where a specific stage of sleep such as REM or slow-wave sleep is selectively disrupted

19
Q

What is memory consolidation?

A

-short-term memories are transformed into long-term memories and both REM and slow-wave sleep play critical roles in this process

20
Q

What is somnambulism?

A

-sleepwalking, occurs usually during slow wave sleep

21
Q

What is REM sleep behaviour disorder?

A

-where normal paralysis during REM sleep is absent, leading to people acting out their dreams

22
Q

Define hypnosis

A

-procedure that produces a heightened state of suggestibility

23
Q

What does meditation refer to?

A

-a family of practices that train attention to heighten awareness and bring mental processes under greater voluntary control

24
Q

What are the two main styles of meditation?

A

-focused attention and open monitoring

25
Q

What are psychoactive drugs?

A

-affect the CNS and alter mood, perception and behavior

26
Q

What is the mesolimbic dopamine pathway?

A

-a key reward pathway in the brain that is involved in the experience of pleasure and reinforcement

27
Q

What is the difference between AUD and alcoholism?

A

-alcoholism is a severe form of AUD

28
Q

What is the importance4 of sleep, particularly REM and deep slow-wave sleep? (according to the memory consolidation theory)

A

-its crucial for consolidating memories and learning

29
Q

What is the role-playing theory of hypnosis?

A
  • Hypnosis is not a special state of consciousness but rather a phenomenon in which the subject enacts the role of a hypnotized person based on expectations and suggestions from the hypnotist.
30
Q

What is the altered state theory of hypnosis?

A

-Hypnosis is a distinct and altered state of consciousness, different from normal waking consciousness, in which a person’s awareness, attention, and suggestibility are fundamentally changed.

31
Q

What are the characteristics of night terrors?

A

-occur during stage 4 sleep. The individual often wakes up in a state of terror and panic, and is unable to recall the content of the dream but returns to sleep quickly

32
Q

What are anxiety nightmares?

A

-Although these vivid dreams, which occur in REM sleep, are associated with apprehension or dread, they are much less terrifying than night terrors.

PSYC 289 (5 decks)

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