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-CS > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

How does World Wide Web works?

A
  1. Client enter web address (URL),either a web page or an individual file, in the web browser.
    2.DNS server resolves the URL(Domain name) to corresponding IPA.
    3.Web browser connects to the web server using IPA and requests a relevant webpage/file.(HTTP)
    4.Webpage is transferred from one computer to another using HTTP/S.
    5.Web server sends data to Web Browser in HTML format and Web Browser displays web page as described in HTML, in readable format
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2
Q

How are data sent across the networks?

A

1.The sending computer splits the data into packets.
2.Each packet has packet header containing (Sender’s address, Destination address, Current packet number, Total number of packets that make up the data)
3.Each packet is sent to ISP.
4.The router of ISP lookup the packet header and forward the packets to its destination.(most efficient path)
5.Packets take different routes across the network.(not arrive in order)
6.Receiving computer reassemble the data in correct order using Information in header.

By Internet Protocol in network layer

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3
Q

IPv4 Format and Bit

A

•Numeric Dotted-Decimal Notation
•32 bits
•4 groups of 8 bit number(Octets)
•Eg. 192.0.12.246

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4
Q

IPv6 Format and Bits

A

•Aphanumeric colon Hexadecimal Notation
•128 bits
•8 groups of 4 Hexadecimal (Each hexa->4bits)

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5
Q

Component Needed to Access the internet.

A

Internet->Modem->Router->Switch->Workstations

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6
Q

Wireless Access Point(WAP)

A

•Allow wireless devices to connect wired connection using Wi-Fi.
•Convert Data to wireless signal and Vice Versa.
-Transmit to all devices(Like Hub)

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7
Q

Router

A

•Networking Hardware that forward packet to the destination between networks(Not only one like switch)
•Both cable and wifi connection

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8
Q

Modem

A

Covert the signals in a LAN into signals that can be transmitted along the cables provided by ISP.(Access to Internet)

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9
Q

WWW vs Internet

A

Internet is a wide area network spanning across the globe.
WWW is a service provided by Internet that provides access to web pages.

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10
Q

Web Browser Job?

A

It converts data received from the web server to human readable format.

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11
Q

Differences between email protocols?

A

SMTP: Sending Emails over the internet. Set Format of msgs, what commands for email servers to understand, how they should respond.
POP3: Connect to mail servers and retrieving, downloading ,deleting Emails
IMAP: Allow access from multiple email clients

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12
Q

TCP vs UDP?

A

TCP sends acknowledgement when data is received correctly.
UDP(User Datagram Protocol) doesn’t check when received.
Used when Speed is more desirable.(Live Broadcast)

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13
Q

What is a server?

A

Powerful computer that provides the network with services such as storing files and sending/receiving emails

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14
Q

Process of client access to data.

A

•Client make a connection with server using its address
•Once connection is made, Client make service request.
•If request valid, server sends requested data using client’s address.

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15
Q

Peer to Peer networks’ advantage.

A

No records->No privacy concerns
(Used to share pirated movies)

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16
Q

Types of network topologies?

A

•Bus: Single cable to which each device is connected.(terminator at each end)
•Ring: Cable connects devices in a closed loop.(Travel same direction). Data is passed from device to next until reaches its destination.
•Star: Each device connected to a central network device(Hub/Switch)
•Mesh: Every devices is connected to every devices

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17
Q

Purpose of terminator in a bus topology?

A

-To absorb the signals that have reached the end of the cable.
-Prevents them from bouncing back and causing interference.

18
Q

When does collision occurs in bus?

A

When two or more devices send a message at the same time, making them unreadable.

19
Q

What is CSMA/CD and function?

A

•Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection.
•Deal with multiple messages at the same time in bus where only one message can be sent at the same time.

20
Q

Algorithm of CSMA/CD?

A
  1. Check if bus is busy
  2. If not busy->Send msg&Go 1
  3. Listen if msg received correctly
  4. If not received correctly, go 5, else go back to listening for msgs
  5. Wait->Go 1 to retry sending msg
21
Q

Pros and cons of Bus Topology

A

Pros
•Cheaper->Single cable
•Easy add extra network devicea

Cons
•Only 1 msg at a time-> Slower as more Network devices
•If cable damage, whole network fails
•Diffcult to identify fault
•All data sent is received by all devices->Security risk

22
Q

Pros and cons of Ring?

A

Pros
•Adding extra device doesn’t affect performance
•Easy to add extra device

Cons
•Need whole network shut down when add/remove device
•If cable damage, whole network fails.
•Difficult to identify fault
•More expensive to install than bus(More cable)

23
Q

Pros and cons of Star

A

Pros
•Easy to locate fault
•Add/remove device w/I shutting down
•Damaged cable->Don’t stop the network;only connected device
•If Switch-> Efficient (messages only send to intended devices)
[More security, other can’t see]

Cons
•Whole network fail when hub/switch damage
•Expensive to install (More cable and hub/switch)

24
Q

Pros and cons of Mesh

A

Pros
•Very Fault tolerant as message can be rerouted if one device fail
•High performance (Each node connected to multiple devices)
•Wireless->Each node extends the range

Cons
•Difficult to manage (Due its number of connections)
•Expensive to install wired mash networks

25
Q

How Mesh is used in IOT?

A

-Mesh is used to communicate between sensors in ‘IOT’.
-Optimum network path can be used no matter where a sensor is located.

26
Q

What does being able to measure the speed of network allow?

A

•Discover whether equipment upgrade necessary
•Estimate time take to download a file
•Discover whether actual performance lives up to the promise the service provider made

27
Q

Details that protocol might contains?

A

•How each computer should be identified(Its address)
•What route data should take to get to ita destination (Routing information)
•How errors will be found and dealt with (Error checking)
•Whether each part of message should be acknowledged as received correctly
•What to do if data isn’t received correctly
•How data should be formatted
•How data is to be sequenced
•How the speed of sender and receiver should be synchronized

28
Q

How does TCP provides reliable connection?

A

-Specify receiver send acknowledgments of each section of send data is received
-Use Checksum to see if data received is accurate
-Allow receiveing computer to tell sending computer to slow down the transmission so that receiveing computer can have more time to process.(flow control)
-Ensuring data is sent up to application layer contains no duplicate and is in correct order

29
Q

How does checksum work?

A

-Math formula is applied to data
-Send the resulting number value(Checksum) w/data
-Reciever applies same formula
-Compares calculated checksum with sent checksum
-If not match->Corrupted->Request again

30
Q

Brief 4 layers of TCP/IP?

A

-Application:
• Layer interacts with users to provide access to service.
•And data that is sent/received over a network.
•HTTP, FTP, email protocols

-Tranport:
•Manage end to end communication over a network.
•TCP, UDP

-Internet:
•used when data is sent across multiple networks from source network to destination network(Routing)
•Internet Protocol (IP)

-Link
•Controls the transmission and reception of data send to/from LAN

31
Q

What is a protocol stack and give examples?

A

-A collection of protocols that work together.
-Eg. TCP/IP

32
Q

Packet header contains details of?

A

•Sending computer
•Recipient computer
•The number of particular packet
•Number of packets the data has been split into

33
Q

Difference between Protocol suite and stack?

A

•Suite is the definition of the protocols
•Stack is the implementation of the protocol suite

34
Q

How data travels when receive/send across the TCP/IP?

A

•Send:
Sender->App->Tran->Inter->Link

•Receive:
Link->Inte->Tran->Ap->Recipient

35
Q

HTTP functions? when is it used?

A

•Used when transferring data between web browsers and web servers.
•It covers how data should be formatted. What commands web browser/server should understand and how to respond

36
Q

Role of TCP in 4 layers?

A

[Transport Layer]
•Sets up communication between two hosts(Host to host communication)
•Agree settings of language, size of packets.
•Divides data received from application layer to correct size.
•Check if packets have arrived safely

37
Q

Role of Data link layer?

A

•Concern with transmitting data through local network using protocols (Ethernet)
•Where NIC and device drivers of OS located

38
Q

Benefits of using Networking Layers?

A

•Easier to understand by dividing to particular parts.
•Each layer is specialized to particular function.
•Different layers can be combined in different ways
•One layer can be developed/changed without affecting other layers.
•Easier to identify and correct networking errors
•Provides universal standard for software and hardware manufacturers so that they can communicate.

39
Q

How does cellular network work?

A

•Wireless network is distributed through cells
•Each cell has base station, fixed location transceiver.
•Each cell covers 9-21 miles

•When user moves out of range, signal falls
•Base station make request to transfer control to another base station with strongest signals without notifying subscriber
[Handover]

40
Q

Difference between Generations GSM(Global System for Mobile Communication)

A

•2G: Digital Communication(Text Message, MMS)
•3G: Access to internet. [VC, downloading, steaming]
•4G: Higher capacity & speed,
More immediate respond to commands[Online Gaming]
•2G&3G use IP for data, 4G use IP for voice call(VoIP)
•5G: Smarter, Faster, More efficient [Emerging technologies: Driverless cars/Connected home products]

41
Q

Why does data split into packets?

A

As each packet takes different route,
•Speeds up data transfer
•Reduces reliability on single pathway
•Reduces the impact of data corruption

-CS (10 decks)

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