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AP BIO > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is photosyntheis?

A

the conversion of light energy to chemical energy

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2
Q

What are autotraphs and heterotrophs? Whats the difference?

A

Autotrophs are organism that produce their food organic substances

Heterotrophs are Organisms unable to make their own food so they live off of other organisms

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3
Q

In what orgainsms Where did photsynthesis first occur?

A

prokaryotic

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4
Q

What is cynobacteria?

A

early prokaryotes capable of photosynthesis

oxygenated the atmosphere of early Earth

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5
Q

Where is the site of photosyntheis.

A

Leaves

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6
Q

Describe chlorplasts

A

The organelle for photosyntehsis. found in neophte the cells in the leaves

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7
Q

What is stomata

A

pores in leaves that let CO2 in and out

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8
Q

Chlorplast have a double membrane ? True or False

A

True

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9
Q

Describe stromoa, thylkoid, and chlorophyll

A

Stroma: liquid
Thylakoid: form stacks known as grana
Chlorophyll: green pigment in thylakoid membranes

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10
Q

What is the formula for photosynthesis?

A

6 CO2 + 6H2O + light energy are the reactants and the products are C6H12O6+6O2

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11
Q

What does photosytheis split?

A

It splits H2O in H and O

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12
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

reaction involving complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another

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13
Q

In photosynthesis the electrons are __________ with ________ (from split ________) to _______ reducing it to _______?

A

transffered, H+, H2O, CO2, sugar

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14
Q

Oxidation is when electrons are gained ? True or False?

A

False, it is when it is lost. OIL

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15
Q

Reduction is when electrons are lost? True or False?

A

False, it is when it gained. RIG

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16
Q

How many stages are there in photosynthesis? What are they and describe them.

A

There are two, the light reactions and the Calvin cycle. The light reaction occurs in the thylakoid membrane in the photo systems
and converts solar energy to chemical energy. The Calvin cycle also known as the dark cycle uses Nadph, ATP, and CO2
and it produces a 3- C sugar G3P. They are three phases: Carbon fixation, Reduction, and Regeneration of RUBP.

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17
Q

Light is ____________ and is made out of _______ and travels in _______

A

eletromagnetic energy, photons, waves

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18
Q

What is a wave length?

A

the distance from the crest of one wave to the crest of the next

the entire range is known as the electromagnetic spectrum
380 nm to 750nm is visible light

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19
Q

Short wavelenghts are higher in energy. True or False?

A

True, longer wave lengths are lower.

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20
Q

When light interacts with matter it can be

A

reflected, absorbed, transmitted, the color we see is being reflected.

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21
Q

What is the primary pigment involved in the light reactions?

A

Cholorphyll a, a blue/greenish pigment

22
Q

What is chlorpblly b

A

A acessory pigmennt, yellowish/grenn pigment

23
Q

What are caroteniods and photo protection?

A

Caroteniods broaden the spectrum of colors that drive photosynthesis. Photo protection carteniods absorb and dissipate excessive light energy that could damage chlorophyll or interact with oxygen/feature of carteniods

24
Q

A photon of which color of light would contain more energy: yellow (590 nm) or purple ( 410 nm)?

A

Purple

25
Q

What are the forms of chemical energy?

A

NADPH and ATP

26
Q

What does the cell use to excite electrons?

A

Light energy (photons)

27
Q

What happens when chlorphylla bsorbds a photon of light

A

The electron gets excited from its ground state as it does this it releases heat and photons

28
Q

What are photosytems? and how many are used in photosyntehius.

A

reaction center and light capturing complexes. two

29
Q

Where are the photoystems loctaed in

A

The thylakoid membrane. Photosystem 2:reaction center P680

absorbs light at 680 nm

Photosystem 1:reaction center P700

absorbs light at 700 nm

30
Q

Describes what happens in the second photosystem?

A

Light energy photon causes an electron to go from an excited state back to a ground state. This repeats until it reaches the P680 pair of chlorophyll molecules.

Then, The electron is transferred to a primary electron acceptor, forming P680+

After that, H2O is split into: 2H+ and is released into the thylakoid space and 1 oxygen atom (which immediately bonds to another oxygen atom)

After the Linear electron flow: each excited electron will pass from PS II to PS I via the electron transport chain

31
Q

The “fall” of electrons from PS II to PS I provides energy to form ______?

A

ATP

32
Q

The ______ gradient is a form of ____________ energy

A

H+, potential

33
Q

_______________________ couples the diffusion of __________to the formation of __________

A

ATP synthase, H+, ATP

34
Q

Light reactions convert ?

A

Solar to chemical

35
Q

Water is split

A

Provides H+ and electrons

oxygen as a byproduct

36
Q

Light absorbed by __________________ drives the transfer of _________________ and ______________________ from ___________ to an electron acceptor called ___________

A

Chlorphyll a, electrons and hydrogen ions H2O, NADP+

37
Q

NADP+ is reduced to ?

A

NADPH

38
Q

Generates ________ by phosphorylating __________

A

ATP, ADP

39
Q

Inputs of light reaction

A

light(photons)
ADP
NADP+
H2O

40
Q

Outputs of the light reaction

A

ATP
NADPH
oxygen O2

41
Q

The calvin cycle is ____________ electron flow

A

cyclic

42
Q

Uses __________ and _________ to reduce ___________ to __________ (G3P)

A

ATP, NADPH, CO2, sugar

43
Q

what is sugar?

A

G3P

44
Q

For net synthesis of 1 G3P molecule, the cycle must take place ________ times

A

3, the Calivn cycle takes place 3

45
Q

What are the three phases of the Calvin cycle?

A

Carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration of RuBP

46
Q

What is phase 1 of the Calvin describe?

A

Carbon fixation- each CO2 attaches to a molecule of RuBP
catalyzed by the enzyme rubisco
forms 3-phosphoglycase

47
Q

Reduction is the ____ phase of the Calvin cycle. Describe?

A

second, Each molecule of 3-phosphoglycerate is phosphorylated by ATP( uses 6 total)
becomes 1,3 phosophoglycerate
6 NADPH molecules donate electrons to 1, 3 bishospoglycaerate
reduces to G3P
6 molecules of G3P are formed, but only ONE is counted as a NET gain the other 5 G3P get sent tot the next stage to regenerate RuBP

48
Q

What is phase 3, desribe

A

Regenration of RuBP, the 5 G3P molecules are used to regenerate 3 molecules of RuBP
uses 3 ATP for generation
cycle is now ready to take in CO2 again

49
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle occur?

A

stroma

50
Q

The Calvin cycle uses __________________ and ___________________ to reduce CO2 to ___________________

A

ATP, NADPH, sugar G3P

51
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin cycle?

A

Rubisco

52
Q

For every 3 molecules of CO 2 that enter the Calvin cycle ________ G3P are formed. Only _____ is net, the other _______ G3P molecules are recycled to regenerate RuBP

A

6,1,5

AP BIO (1 decks)

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