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A Chem Finale pt 1. > Unit 4.3 Alcohols and Phenol > Flashcards

Unit 4.3 Alcohols and Phenol Flashcards

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1
Q

Tips wise, how do i even go abouts efficiently learning mechanisms n stuff

A

Don’t make the same mistake for physics
(totally unrelated to the question)

The whiteboard merchant.

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2
Q

What’s the difference between primary alcohols and secondary alcohols?
(2 thingies)

A
  • Primary alcohol = OH technically on either side
  • Secondary alcohol = OH on the “second” carbon
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3
Q

How do u convert halogenoalkanes into alcohols?
(2 similars + 1 thing)

A
  • Nucleophilic substitution
  • Hydrolysis
  • Forms a primary alcohol
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4
Q

What are the conditions required to convert halogenoalkanes into alcohols?
(2-way)

A
  • Heat to reflux
  • with aq sodium hydroxide
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5
Q

Class of mechanism of converting halogenoalkanes into alcohols?

A

Nucleophilic substitution

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6
Q

Show me the equation and mechanism using potassium hydroxide and 2-bromobutane
(Halogenoalkanes into alcohols)
(Hm.)

A

The whiteboard buddy

C4H9Br + KOH -> C4H9OH + KBr

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7
Q

Show nucleophilic substitution for:
1. CN- and 1-chloropropane
2. NH3 and 1-bromobutane
(Heavily whiteboard based)

A
  • No eqn :(
  • But u could at least try form the equation right?:

H3CCH2CH2Cl + CN- -> H3CCH2CH2CN + Cl-

Couldn’t tell u for 2.

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8
Q

What’s the purpose of the reduction of aldehydes and ketones?

A

Form primary and secondary alcohols

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9
Q

What do u need to reduce ketones and aldehydes?
(2 compounds)

A
  • Sodium borohydride (NaBH4
  • Lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH4)
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10
Q

What’s the jig with Lithium aluminium hydride?
(2-way)

A
  • LiAlH4 must be dissolved
  • in ethoxyethane (dry)
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11
Q

How to tell if it’s oxidation or reduction within a chemical equation?
(2 features)

A
  • [O] = oxidation
  • [H] = reduction
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12
Q

What are ketones reduced to?

A

Secondary alcohols

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13
Q

Show chemical equation of the reduction of propan-2-one indicating conditions required.
(You should use a whiteboard)

A

CH3(C=O)CH3 + Z[H] -> CH3CH(OH)CH3

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14
Q

Show the mechanism of the reduction of propan-2-one
(Whiteboard?)

A

Where’s your whiteboard

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15
Q

What’s the mechanism used for the reduction of ketones?

A

Nucleophilic addition

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16
Q

What are aldehydes reduced to?

A

Primary alcohols

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17
Q

Show chemical equation of the reduction of ethanal indicating conditions required.
(You should use a whiteboard)

A

CH3C(=O)H + 2[H] -> CH3CH(OH)H

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18
Q

Show the mechanism of the reduction of ethanal
(Whiteboard?)

A

Where’s your whiteboard

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19
Q

What’s the mechanism used for the reduction of aldehydes?

A

Nucleophilic addition

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20
Q

What other compound can be reduced to primary alcohols?

A

Carboxylic acids

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21
Q

What must u use (and its conditions) to reduce carboxylic acid to primary alcohols?
(3 things)

A
  • Lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH4)
  • Must be used under anhydrous conditions
  • Dissolved in ethoxyethane (diethyl ether)
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22
Q

Show chemical equation of the reduction of propanoic acid indicating conditions required.
(You should use a whiteboard)

A

H3CCH2C(=O)OH + 4[H] -> H3CCH2CH2(OH) + H2O
(LiAlH4)

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23
Q

What is the “Lucas Test”?
(2-way)

A
  • Test to distinguish between
  • the different classes of alcohols
24
Q

How is the Lucas Test performed?
(2 steps each w/ halves)

A

1) Small amount of zinc chloride added as catalyst
1.5) & concentrated hydrochloric acid
2) Observe cloudiness
2.5) … the formation of insoluble chloro-compound

25
Q

What do u observe for primary alcohols with Lucas Test?
(2 things)

A
  • Stays colourless
  • No indication of a reaction
26
Q

What do u observe for secondary alcohols with Lucas Test?
(2 things)

A
  • Cloudiness
  • Slowly appears
27
Q

What do u observe for tertiary alcohols with Lucas Test?
(2 words)

A
  • Cloudiness
  • Instantaneous
28
Q

Show the chemical equation for:
1. Primary alcohol reacting with HCl
(Lucas Test)
(You should use a whiteboard)

A

1° = H3CH2OH + HCl -> H3CCH2Cl + H2O

29
Q

Show chemical equation for:
2. Secondary alcohol reacting with HCl
(Lucas Test)
(You should use a whiteboard)

A

2° = H3CCH(OH)CH3 + HCl -> H3CCHBrCH3 + H2O

30
Q

What would u need to prepare bromoalkanes?
(2 things)

A
  • Mixture of potassium bromide,
  • and concentrated sulfuric acid
31
Q

What is “in situ” for the preparation of bromoalkane?
(2-way)

A
  • Produces hydrogen bromide (HBr)
  • that can attack the alcohol
32
Q

Chemical equation of the preparation of bromoalkanes?
(You should use a whiteboard)

A

H3CCH2OH +HBr -> H3CCH2Br + H2O

33
Q

Chemical equation of the preparation of bromoalkanes “in situ”?
(You should use a whiteboard)

A

2KBr + H2SO4 -> 2HBr + K2SO4

34
Q

What does the reaction of Alcohols with Ethanoyl chloride form?
(2-way)

A
  • Allows formation of sweet smelling compounds:
  • Esters
35
Q

Purpose of esters?
(2 features)

A
  • Used as solvents
  • Flavourings and perfumes
36
Q

Chemical equation of the reaction between propan-1-ol and ethanoyl chloride?
(You should use a whiteboard)

A

H3CCH2CH2OH + H3CC(=O)Cl -> H3C(=O)OCH2CH2CH3 + HCl

37
Q

What does the reaction of Alcohols with Carboxylic acid form?

A

… Esters…

38
Q

What must be needed for the reaction of Alcohols with Carboxylic acid?
(1 thing + 2-way)

A
  • Heat
  • Small quantity of concentrated sulfuric acid
  • … that acts as a catalyst
39
Q

How does the carboxylic acid undergo nucleophilic attack during the reaction with alcohols?
(2-way + 1 thing)

A
  • Acid protonates the carboxylic acid
  • aka the conc. sulfuric acid
  • Nucleophilic attack by an alcohol
40
Q

How is the ester gained after the reaction of alcohols with ethanoyl chloride & carboxylic acids?
(3 things)

A
  • Distilled off soon as they formed
  • To draw equilibrium to the right hand side
  • Only if they have low molecular masses
41
Q

How do esters have lower boiling points than the alcohols and carboxylic acids, from which they are formed…

A

They don’t form hydrogen bonds

42
Q

Describe phenol
(2 things + 2-way)

A
  • Simplest aromatic alcohol
  • Toxic white solid (no contact with skin)
  • Forms slightly acidic solution
  • …. in water
43
Q

Show me a diagram explaining why phenol is slightly acidic

A

Where’s your whiteboard.
“Phenol” ⇌ Phenoxide ion + H+ or H3O+

44
Q

How can the phenoxide ion charge be stabilised?
(2-way)

A
  • Via delocalisation through
  • the ring system
45
Q

What’s the pH of aq of phenol?

A

5 - 6 pH

46
Q

What does the acidity of phenol allow the creation of?
Show me.

A

Salt:
acid + alkali = salt + water

47
Q

Show the equation of phenol w/ sodium hydroxide to form sodium phenoxide
(You should use a whiteboard)

A

Where’s your whiteboard?

“Phenol” + NaOH -> “Sodium phenoxide” + H2O

48
Q

What are 2 tests to “test” for phenol?

A
  • Reaction with Br/Bromine water
  • Reaction with iron(III) chloride solution
49
Q

What’s the observation with phenol reacting with Br/Bromine water?
(2 things)

A
  • White ppt forms
  • Br solution/water decolourises
50
Q

Equation of phenol reacting with Br/bromine water?
(You should use a whiteboard)

A

Where’s your whiteboard?

Phenol + 3Br2 -> “What.” + 3HBr

51
Q

What’s the colour of FeCl3 solution (Iron (III) chloride solution)
(2-way…?)

A
  • Red/brown
  • (yellow 0.1M)
52
Q

What colour complex is gained from phenol reacting with FeCl3?

A

Violet

53
Q

Which test for phenol doesn’t do colouration to an alkyl alcohol?

A

Reaction with iron(III) chloride solution
(FeCl3)

54
Q

Why do we need to use an acid chloride to esterify a phenol?

A

Doesn’t react with carboxylic acids

55
Q

Show the equation of phenol with ethanoyl chloride
(You should use a whiteboard)

A

H3C(=O)Cl + phenol -> “Phenol ethanol” + HCl

56
Q

MUST USE ur book for most equations + mechanisms.

A

And, always spam ppq

A Chem Finale pt 1. (10 decks)

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