Unit 4.1

Question 1

What are the various parts of the motor cortex?

Answer 1

Primary motor cortex

Premotor area

Supplemental motor area

Question 2

________ is a part of the motor cortex that is involved in fine motor control such as hand written or typing functions

Answer 2

Primary motor cortex

Question 3

________ is a part of the motor cortex that is involved in muscle muscles moving together for a specific task such as catching a football or kicking a ball.

Answer 3

Premotor cortex

Question 4

________ is a part of the motor cortex that is involved in moving limbs on opposing sides of your body, such as walking or maintaining balance during moving.

Answer 4

Supplemental motor area

Question 5

What parts of your body does majority of the motor cortex control?

Answer 5

Hands, face, and feet

Question 6

_________ is an area of your brain that is important for word formation and is located in the area of the brain that controls respiratory function for speech

Answer 6

Broca’s area

Question 7

________ is located in the area of the brain that controls respiratory function for speech

Answer 7

Broca’s area

Question 8

Damage to Broca’s area will result in?

Answer 8

Decreased speech capabilities

Question 9

Damage to the eye fixation and head rotation region will result in

Answer 9

The patient would not be able to voluntarily move their eyes towards different objects.

Question 10

Damage to the eye fixation and head rotation region would cause the patient’s eyes to do what?

Answer 10

Their eyes would be locked involuntarily onto other objects.

Question 11

What area of the brain does damage to the eye fixation and head rotation region effect?

Answer 11

The occipital visual cortex

Question 12

_________ is an area of the brain that is important for fine motor skills of the hands and finger.

Answer 12

Hands skills area

Question 13

What is motor apraxia?

Answer 13

Inability to preform find hand movement

Question 14

Damage to the hand skills area will result in?

Answer 14

Motor apraxia

Question 15

What are the various pathways of the cortical motor signal transmission?

Answer 15

Direct pathway

Indirect pathway

Question 16

Talk about the direct pathway of the cortical motor signal transmission?

Answer 16

Its a path that contains the corticospinal tract that provides information for discrete detailed movements directly from the cortex to the spinal cord

Question 17

Talk about the indirect pathway of the cortical motor signal transmission?

Answer 17

This section involves signaling of the lower brain area which communicates indirectly by preventing unwanted muscle contractions from competing w/ voluntary movements

Question 18

Where does the indirect pathway of the cortical motor signal transmission send signals to within the brain?

Answer 18

The basal ganglia, cerebellum, and brainstem nuclei

Question 19

Where are the locations in which the corticospinal tract originates?

Answer 19

Primary motor cortex

Supplementary motor area

Somatic sensory area

Question 20

Where does the corticospinal fibers synapse at?

Answer 20

in cord gray matter

Question 21

Where are the corticospinal fibers primarily crossing?

Answer 21

Pyramids of the medulla

Question 22

Certain corticospinal fibers do not cross at the medulla, where do they go?

Answer 22

They pass ipsilaterally down the cord and into the ventral corticospinal tract

Question 23

________ give rise to large fibers with fast transmission rates.

Answer 23

Betz cells

Question 24

________ is the primary neural cell type in the corticospinal tract, and is important for vision-guided motor function and cognition.

Answer 24

Betz cells

Question 25

________ send short collateral axons back to the cortex to sharpen the boundaries of the excitatory signal by lateral inhibition on adjacent cortical regions.

Answer 25

Betz cel

Question 26

The _____________ carries movement-related messages from the brain to the muscles involved.

Answer 26

Corticalspinal tract

Question 27

What does the ascending reticular formation regulate?

Answer 27

The sleep wake cycle

Question 28

What does the ascending reticular formation regulate?

Answer 28

The sleep wake cycle

Question 29

Descending reticular formation is involved in what?

Answer 29

Posture and equilibrium

Question 30

The _______ is an accessory route for the transmission of discrete signals from the motor cortex

Answer 30

Rubrospinal tract

Question 31

What is the magnoceullar portion?

Answer 31

The lower portion of the red nucleus that contains large neurons.

Question 32

The large fibers in the magnocullar portion will give rise to the _________ tract

Answer 32

rubrospinal tract

Question 33

Primary motor cortex input synapses in what part of the red nucleus?

Answer 33

The magnocellular portion

Question 34

Where does the magnocellular portion terminate?

Answer 34

On the inner neurons in the cord gray matter.

Question 35

The magnoceullar portion of the red nucleus is highly correlated with specific muscles in the ________.

Answer 35

Periphery

Question 36

Getting a lesion in the primary motor cortex would result in what?

Answer 36

Loss of voluntary control of discrete movement of the distal segments of the limbs.

Question 37

Lesions in the ______ would result in spasms that occur in muscles on the opposite side of the body.

Answer 37

basal ganglia

Question 38

Lesions in the _______ results in loss of voluntary control of muscles.

Answer 38

Primary motor cortex

Question 39

The _____ nuclei function to support the body against gravity through the involvement of muscles of the spinal column ad extensor muscles of the legs

Answer 39

Reticular

Question 40

The ______ reticular nuclei excite the antigravity muscles where as the ______ reticular nuclei inhibit antigravity muscles

Answer 40

pontine; medullary

Question 41

The pontine reticular nuclei ____ the antigravity muscles where as the medullary reticular nuclei ____ antigravity muscles

Answer 41

excite; inhibit

Question 42

The ________ reticular nuclei posses high degree of natural excitability, and can cause powerful excitation of the antigravity muscles

Answer 42

pontine

Question 43

Inhibitory signals are sent to the antigravity muscles through the ____________ tract

Answer 43

Medullary reticulospinal tract