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Psychology > Unit 4 Vocab—Social Psychology And Personality > Flashcards

Unit 4 Vocab—Social Psychology And Personality Flashcards

1
Q

Attribution Theory

A

We explain behavior using disposition and situation

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2
Q

Disposition

A

Blame the person—Blame/Cause onto personality of the individual

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3
Q

Situation

A

Blame the situation—Blame/Cause onto external influence

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4
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

The tendency of the observer to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the disposition of the person

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5
Q

Central Persuation

A

This includes research, algorithmic things such as facts and data to a certain toothpaste

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6
Q

Peripheral Persuation

A

This includes clout chasing, heuristic things such as using your attractiveness or popularity to gain something wanted

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7
Q

Normative Social Informative

A

To gain approval from others, for example, to just go along with others to fit in

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8
Q

Social Informative

A

Uncertainty causes mimicry, for example, you see people doing something and you think they seem to know what they’re doing, so you follow their lead

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9
Q

Foot-In-The-Door Technique

A

Agreeing to a small request, which increases the likelihood of agreeing to a larger request

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10
Q

Door-In-The-Face Technique

A

A large request is made, knowing it will probably be refused so that the person will agree to a smaller request

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11
Q

Cognitive Dissoniance

A

Changing attitude, and try to justify it (regret)

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12
Q

Actor-Observer Bias

A

Acting in a situation to attribute behavior to external causes, but observers attribute to internal causes

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13
Q

Deindividuation

A

You respond to a group norm, whether it is good or bad—You ask yourself if they would notice me among them, and if not, then you will take part

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14
Q

False Consensus Effect

A

The tendency to overestimate how much other people agree with you

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15
Q

Social Loafing

A

If others are doing the work, then you think you are not being watched

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16
Q

Social Facilitation

A

My efforts ARE being watched, so I put in more effort

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17
Q

Group Think

A

The desire for some to go along with the group, even though they know it is wrong

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18
Q

Group Polarization

A

Growing strength within the group, for example, a prep rally or saying “Let’s do it for…”

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19
Q

In-Group Bias

A

“We” “Good” School, gender, race, hometown, team

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20
Q

Out-Group Bias

A

“They” “Bad” They are all the same—Homogeneity

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21
Q

The Bystander Effect

A

Are you aware of the situation? Yes—you think it is severe—Yes—Is it your responsibility—Yes—Then you take action to the situation

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22
Q

Free Association

A

The person says whatever comes to mind no matter how embarrassing

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23
Q

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

A

The power of expectations, for example, if you think you can or can’t, you are right

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24
Q

Superordinated Goals

A

Opposing sides come together for a common purpose, for example, USA and USSR joined to fight Nazi Germany

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25
Regression
Displays child-like temper tantrum
26
Reaction Formation
Displays the opposite feelings, for example, expressing how he didn't want to be on the team after being cut
27
Projection
Placing the blame on someone else
28
Rationalization
Making excuses that seem rational
29
Displacement
Directing aggression on to others or objects
30
Sublimation
Transferring anxiety toward acceptable motives
31
Denial
Refusing to accept the truth
32
Projection Tests
Tools used to try to reveal what’s in the unconscious
33
Mere-Exposure Effect
Accepting someone over time (acquired taste)
34
MMPI
Most widely researched; used to identify mental disorders
35
Reciprocal Determinism
The interacting that influences of behavior; internal cognition and environment—behavior, personal thought, and environment
36
Self-Serving Bias
A readiness to perceive ourselves favorably
37
Neurotism
If it is low, then you are anxious, insecure, self-pitying. If it is high, then you are calm, secure, self-satisfied.
38
Extraversion (Extravert)
If it is low, then you are retiring, sober, reserved. If it is high, then you are sociable, fun-loving, and affectionate.
39
Agreeableness
If it is low, then you are ruthless, suspicious, and uncooperative. If it is high, then you are soft-hearted, trusting, and helping.
40
Conscientiousness
If it is low, then you are disorganized, careless, and impulsive. If it is high, then you are organized, careful, and disciplined.
41
Drive-Reduction Theory
Needs—>Drive=Behavior, for example, Water—>Thirst=Drink
42
Homeostasis
Maintaining you body as balanced for yourself
43
Ghrelin
Released from stomach when hungry
44
Leptin
Released by fat cells when full (satisfied)
45
Arousal Theory
Seeking the right amount of arousal (not too much, not too little)
46
Yerkes-Dodson Theory
Performance increases with physiological or mental arousal, but only up to a point
47
Sensation-Seeking Theory
The need to pursue new and extreme sensations
48
Self-Determination Theory
When people are motivated by intristic (internal) and extrinsic (external) forces
49
Fixed Mindset
“Intelligence is static” leads to a desire to look smart, therefore a tendency to avoid challenges, sees efforts as pointless, etc. Relies on Shallow Processing
50
Openness
If low, you are practical, prefers routine, conforming. If high, you are imaginative, prefers variety, independent
51
Growth Mindset
“Intelligence is developed” leads to a desire to learn, therefore a tendency to embrace challenges, etc. Relies on Deep Processing
52
Deep Processing
Involves close attention, focusing on an item’s meaning and relating it to something else, leading to better recall than Shallow Processing
53
Shallow Processing
Processing information at a basic level, focusing on sensory/face characteristics rather than meaning or making connections, leading to weaker memory retention than Deep Processing
54
Sympathetic
“Fight or Flight”; stress, surprised, shocked, scared (Arousing)
55
Parasympathetic
“Rest and Digest”; calm, relax, eating, sleeping (Calming)
56
Amygdala
Controls fear and anger
57
Hypothalamus
Controls hunger, body temperature, sleep
58
James-Long
This is where we experience emotions after our bodies react to an event/stimulus. Event—>Physiological Arousal=Emotion
59
Cannon-Bard
Emotional experiences and physiological reactions (like heart rate) occur simultaneously and independently, meaning neither causes the other. REMEMEBER THE WORD SIMULTANEOUSLY!!! Event—>Physiological Arousal, Emotion
60
Schachter-Singer (2-Factor)
Emotions are determined by a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive labeling in the context of the environment. Event—>Physiological Arousal+Cognitive Labe=Emotion
61
Lazarus’ Appraisal
Our emotional experience arises from our interpretation or appraisal of a situation—assessing a situation before doing something. Event—>Cognition (Appraisal)—>Emotion, Physiological Arousal
62
fMRI
Studies reveal emotions are felt before they are known
63
Facial Feedback Effect
Expressions intensifies the emotion being experienced
64
Satiety
The feeling of fullness and satisfaction after eating that leads to an end of hunger and lack of desire to continue eating
65
Pituitary Gland
“Master Gland” a pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain that produces and release hormones, influencing growth, metabolism, etc
66
Broaden-and-build Theory
Positive emotions broaden an individual’s thought-action plays (expanding their awareness and actions)
67
Social Reciprocity Norm
People generally expect to receive positive actions or favors in return for those they provide, fostering a sense of mutual help and cooperation
68
Social Responsibility Norm
The expectation that people will help those who are dependent on them or in need, driven by a sense of duty to assist others, especially those who are vulnerable
69
Optimistic Explantory Style
A tendency to attribute negative events to temporary, specific, and external causes, while attributing positive events to internal, stable, and global causes
70
Pessimistic Explanatory Style
A way of thinking that attributes negative events to internal, stable, and global causes, while viewing positive events as external, unstable, and specific
71
Internal Locus of Control
Believing that your actions and efforts are the primary drivers of your life outcomes
72
External Locus of Control
The belief that outside forces like fate or luck control events
73
Person Perception
Mental processes we use to form impressions and make inferences about other people, for example, people’s characteristics, behaviors, and intentions
74
Self-Concept
An individual’s overall understanding of their personal qualities, abilities, and behaviors
75
Unconditional Positive Regard
Accepting yourself and others despite of any flaws
76
Social Trap
A situation pursuing short-term individual or group gain a leads to long-term, negative consequences for everyone—Immediate rewrds outweigh long-term well-being
77
Experience Seeking
A personality trait characterized by the desire for varied, new, and intense experiences, often involving a willingness to take risks
78
Boredom Susceptibility
An individual’s tendency to experience and seek tonmaoe less severe feelings to boredom, often leading to restless behavior, distraction, or a constant need for a new event/stimulus or activities
79
Approach-Approach
A person must choose between two or more desirable or positive options, making it difficult to decide
80
Approach-Avoidance
An individual faces a single goal that has both positive and negative aspects, creating an internal struggle between wanting to pursue and wanting to avoid it
81
Avoidance-Avoidance
When someone is forced to choose between two undesirable options, leading to a state of discomfort or difficulty in decision-making
82
Incentive Theory
The behavior is primarily driven by the prospect of obtaining rewards (positive incentives) or negative outcomes (negative incentives)
83
Repression
Defense mechanism where the unconscious mind pushes unacceptable or anxiety-provoking thoughts, feelings, or memories put of awareness

Psychology (2 decks)

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