Unit 4 Vocab Flashcards
ATP
a molecule that transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules in cell processes
ADP
a lower-energy molecule that can be converted into ATP by adding a phosphate group
Chemosynthesis
a process by which some organisms use chemical energy instead of light energy to make energy-storing carbon-based molecules
Photosynthesis
A process that captures energy from sunlight to make sugars that store chemical energy
Chlorophyll
A molecule in chloroplasts that absorbs some of the energy in visible light
Thylakoid
Coin-shaped, membrane-enclosed compartments
Light-dependent reactions
captures energy from sunlight
Light-independent reactions
uses energy from light-dependent reactions to make sugars
Photosystem
two groups of molecules that capture and transfer energy during light-dependent reactions
Electron transport chain
a series of proteins in the membrane of the thylakoid
ATP synthase
a complex enzyme that makes ATP by adding phosphate groups to ADP
Calvin cycle
light-independent process in photosynthesis that creates six-carbon sugars
Cellular respiration
releases chemical energy from sugars and other carbon-based molecules to make ATP when oxygen is present
Aerobic
needs oxygen to take place
Glycolysis
splits glucose into two three-carbon molecules and makes two molecules of ATP
Anaerobic
does not need oxygen to take place
Kreb’s cycle
produces molecules that carry energy to the second part of cellular respiration
Fermentation
removes electrons from NADH molecules and recycles NAD+ molecules for glycolysis
Lactic acid
C3H6O3; cause muscles to “burn” during hard excercise
Plant
multicellular eukaryotes, most of which produce their own food through photosynthesis and have adopted to life on land
Cuticle
a waxy, waterproof layer that helps hold in moisture
Stomata
tiny holes in the cuticle that can close to prevent water loss or open to allow air movement
Vascular system
a collection of specialized tissues that bring water and mineral nutrients up from the roots and disperses sugars down from leaves
Seed
a storage device for a plant embryo
Pollination
when pollen meets female reproductive parts of the same plant species
Gymnosperm
a seed plant whose seeds are not enclosed in fruit
Angiosperm
a seed plant that has seeds enclosed in some type of fruit
Cone
the reproductive structure of flowering plants
Fruit
the mature ovary of a flower
Dermal tissue
covers the outside of a plant and protects it in a variety of ways
