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AP World > Unit 4 Vocab > Flashcards

Unit 4 Vocab Flashcards

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AP® World History flashcards
1
Q

African Diaspora

A

Africans living outside of Africa (usually as slaves) who retained some aspects of their cultures

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2
Q

Akbar the Great

A

1556-1605 remembered for his military successes and administrative achievements in the
Mughal Empire

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3
Q

Asante Empire

A

African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680

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4
Q

Astronomical Chart

A

a map of stars that improved navigation

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5
Q

Aztec Empire

A

an empire in Mexico that was overthrown by Cortes in 1521

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6
Q

Barbary Pirates

A

those who plied the seas near North Africa along the Barbary Coast and captured other
European slaves in the Mediterranean and then sold them to the sultan or other high-ranking officials

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7
Q

Bartholomew Diaz

A

sailed around the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 into unknown waters then returned home for
fear of a mutiny

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8
Q

Boyars

A

Russian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European
counterparts

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9
Q

Capitalism

A

the economic system of large financial institutions —banks, stock exchanges, investment
companies—that first developed in early modern Europe. Commercial capitalism, the trading system of the early
modern economy, is often distinguished from industrial capitalism, the system based on machine production

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10
Q

Carolina Fur Trade

A

(1600´s) English fur traders pushed into the interior to compete with French trading networks
based in New Orleans and Mobile

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11
Q

Cartography

A

map making

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12
Q

Cash Crop

A

sellable crop that is grown and gathered for the market such as sugar and tobacco

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13
Q

Charter Companies

A

groups of private investors who paid an annual fee to France and England in exchange for
a monopoly over trade to the West Indies colonies

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14
Q

Chattel Slavery

A

a system where individuals were considered property to be bought and sold

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15
Q

Christopher Columbus

A

navigator who explored the Americas under the flag of Spain

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16
Q

City of Potosi

A

located in Bolivia it was one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in
colonial Spanish America

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17
Q

Columbian Exchange

A

Exchange:the exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and
the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages

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18
Q

Commercial Revolution

A

transformation to a trade-based economy using gold and silver

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19
Q

Conquistadors

A

Spanish soldiers who conquered parts of the Americas in the 16th century

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20
Q

Cossack

A

peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries,
or outlaws.They led the conquest of Siberia in the 16th and 17th centuries

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21
Q

Creole

A

West African languages mixed with European languages

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22
Q

Criollos

A

those of European ancestry who were born in the Americas

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23
Q

Dahomey

A

West African kingdom that became strong through its rulers exploitation of the slave trade and
acquisition of firearms

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24
Q

Dutch West India Company

A

A mercantile company chartered by the Dutch to conduct trade missions
throughout the East Indies

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24
Q

Dutch East India Company

A

Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its
merchant; trade in the Americas and Africa

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25
Q

Engenhos

A

Portuguese sugar plantations called “engines” because of the amount of sugar they processed. The
working conditions were horrible and the labor force suffered greatly

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26
Q

Encomienda

A

A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies that provided the
grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant
holder to Christianize the Amerindians

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27
Q

Ferdinand Magellan

A

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail
around the world

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28
Q

Fransisco Pizarro

A

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima

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29
Q

Galleons

A

Spanish trading ships that made round-trip sailing voyages once or twice per year across the Pacific
Ocean

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30
Q

Glorious Revolution

A

also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England by a
union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau

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31
Q

Gloucester County Rebellion

A

first recorded slave revolt in what is now the United States took place in Virginia
in 1663

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32
Q

The Great Northern War

A

war between the Russians and the Swedish. It was long and costly for
both sides, but the Russians ended up gaining control of the Baltic Sea

33
Q

Henry The Navigator

A

Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at
Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugals colonial empire.

33
Q

Hispaniola

A

name Columbus gave to the island that is now Haiti and the Dominican Republic

34
Q

Indentured Servant

A

a migrant to British colonies in the Americas who paid for passage by agreeing to work for a
set term ranging from four to seven years

35
Q

Iroquois Confederacy

A

an alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples that made decisions on military and
diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, the
Confederacy dominated the area from western New England to the Great Lakes

36
Q

Jamestone

A

English colony in Virginia that was England’s first successful colony in the Americas

37
Q

Japanese Trade Decrees

A

series of decrees that were designed to keep Christianity from
resurfacing, and it sharply curtailed trade with Europe. Europeans entering illegally faced the death penalty and
Japanese were required to produce certificates from the Buddhist temples attesting to their loyalty and religious
orthodoxy

38
Q

Jesuit Missionaries

A

Missionaries from the Society of Jesus, they tried and failed to bring Christianity to Japan,
but were successful in reaching the elite and scholars in China

39
Q

Joint-Stock Companies

A

businesses that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and
to spread the risks and profits among many investors

40
Q

Manchus

A

Federation of Northeast Asian peoples who founded the Qing Empire

41
Q

Manila

A

Spanish commercial center of the Philippines that attracted merchants

42
Q

Manumisson

A

A grant of legal freedom to an individual slave; more common in Brazil, Spanish, and French than
in English colonies

43
Q

Martha Empire

A

Indian power that existed from 1674 to 1818 and ruled over a large area of the Indian
subcontinent; credited with ending Mughal rule in India

44
Q

Maritime Empires

A

empires such as Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, France, and Holland that were based upon
sea travel

45
Q

Maroon Wars

A

slaves in the Caribbean and former Spanish territories in the Americas fought to gain freedom

46
Q

Mercantillism

A

European government policies of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries designed to
promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies
to trade only with their motherland country

47
Q

Mestizos

A

the term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed Amerindian and European descent

48
Q

Metacoms War

A

also called King Philip’s war, English colonists used underhanded tactics to control Native
American lands

49
Q

Middle Passage

A

the part of the Atlantic Circuit involving the transportation of enslaved Africans across the
Atlantic to the Americas

50
Q

Ming Dynasty

A

(1368-1644) Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the
Yuan Empire. The Ming emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng
He. The later years of the Ming saw a slowdown in technological development and economic decline

51
Q

Mita System

A

labor obligation in Peru that required a percentage of the adult male Amerindians to work for two
to four months each year in mines, farms, or textile factories

52
Q

Monopolies

A

granted certain merchants or the government itself the exclusive right to trade

53
Q

Mulatto

A

the term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed African and European
descent

54
Q

New Amsterdam

A

Dutch settlement in the Hudson River Valley that is present day New York city

55
Q

New France

A

French colony in North America along the St. Lawrence River

56
Q

New Spain

A

colony established by Cortes after overthrowing the Aztecs in Mexico

57
Q

Northwest Passage

A

a route through or around North America that would lead to East Asia and the trade there

58
Q

Omani-European Rivalry

A

a trade rivalry between traders from Oman and European traders over the Indian
Ocean Trade Route that fueled Columbus’s search for a new route to India

59
Q

Oyo

A

African empire that became rich by selling its captives to Europeans

60
Q

Peninsulares

A

those who were born on the Iberian peninsula and stood at the top of the social pyramid in Latin
America

61
Q

Plantations

A

the labor intensive agricultural centers of the new world which were implemented by Spain, Britain,
and Portugal

62
Q

Port of Luanda

A

founded by the Portuguese in 1575, became the center of the slave trade in Brazil

63
Q

Primogeniture Laws

A

law in Europe that required estates to be passed down to the eldest son

64
Q

Pueblo Revolt

A

revolt in 1860 of the Pueblo and Apache against the Spanish which temporarily drove the
Spanish out of the area that is now New Mexico

65
Q

Puritans

A

English Protestant dissenters who believed that God predestined souls to heaven or hell before birth.
They founded Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629

66
Q

Quebec

A

French trading post established in 1608

67
Q

Royal African Company

A

a trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its
merchant trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa.

68
Q

Russian Serfdom

A

in Russia they worked has artisans and laborers in factories they were essentially slaves. Its
practice was not abolished until 1861

69
Q

Smallpox

A

disease brought to the Americas by way of Europeans that was deadly to the native populations

70
Q

Syncretism

A

the combining of different religious practices and beliefs

71
Q

Time of Troubles

A

the time in the early 17th century when Swedish and Polish forces occupied Moscow; it
marked the end of the Muscovite Rulers

72
Q

Trading Post Empire

A

empire based on small outposts rather than control of large territories

73
Q

Transatlantic Slave Trade

A

Africans captured and sold in the Americas as slaves

74
Q

Treaty of Tordesillias

A

1494 treaty in which Spain and Portugal divided the Americas between them

75
Q

Triangular Trade

A

Atlantic trading system that had three segments which enslaved Africans were part of

76
Q

Vasco Da Gama

A

landed in India in 1498 and claimed territory for Portugal’s empire

77
Q

Viceroyalty

A

the highest ranking Spanish officials in the colonies who enjoyed broad power, but also faced
obstacles to their authority in the vast territories they sought to control

78
Q

Zambos

A

those of mixed indigenous and African ancestry in the Americas

AP World (2 decks)

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