unit 4 vocab

Question 1

religious right

Answer 1

a coalition of conservative groups in the United States and other liberal democracies that focus on applying Christian beliefs to public policy, like legislation against abortion and same-sex-marriage

Question 2

civil rights movement

Answer 2

popular movements, notably in the united states in the 1950s and 60s, that work to extend rights to marginalized members of society

Question 3

egalitarianism

Answer 3

a political principle that holds that all people should be treated equals and allowed equal civil, social, political, and economic rights under the law

Question 4

enfranchisement

Answer 4

the giving of a right or privilege, such as the right to vote

Question 5

environmentalism

Answer 5

a political and ethical ideology that focuses on protecting the natural environment and lessening the harmful effects that human activities have on the ecosystem.

Question 6

feminism

Answer 6

the belief in and movement for the social, political, and economic equality for sexes

Question 7

fiscal policy

Answer 7

direct raxing and spending functions of the government

Question 8

great depression

Answer 8

an economic crisis that began in late 1929 with the stock market crash and continued through the 1930s

Question 9

humanitarianism

Answer 9

trying to improve the lives of others and to reduce their suffering through various means, including social reform and aid

Question 10

human rights

Answer 10

natural rights, which all humans and entitled to

Question 11

income display

Answer 11

difference in earnings between the rich and the poor

Question 12

inflation

Answer 12

increase in the general price level of products, the cost of labour, and interest rates

Question 13

isolationism

Answer 13

a policy remaining apart from the affairs or interest of other countries

Question 14

Keynesianism

Answer 14

demand-side economics, suggesting that the economy is unstable and that the government is required to regulate consumer demand

Question 15

labour standards

Answer 15

government enforces rules and standards aimed at safe, clean working environments, and the protection of workers’ rights to free association, collective bargaining, and freedom from discrimination

Question 16

labour unions

Answer 16

associations of workers engaged in a similar function who unite to speak with management about their concerns. Their purpose is to provide a united voice

Question 17

mixed economy

Answer 17

an economic system based on free-market principles, but with some government intervention usually to regulate the industry, to moderate the boom-and-bust nature of the free-market business cycle, and to offer social welfare programs

Question 18

monetary policy

Answer 18

actions taken by the central bank of a country to control the supply of money, sich as adjusting interest rates or printing money

Question 19

modern liberalism

Answer 19

a reaction against free-market capitalism, suggesting that freedom could not be defined simply as being “left alone” but rather required some government intervention to ensure individual freedom

Question 20

monetarism

Answer 20

a theory that suggests that a free market and control of a country’s money supply through interest rates the best means to encourage economic growth and limit unemployment and inflation, commonly associated with Friedrich, Hayek, and Milton Friedman

Question 21

Monopoly

Answer 21

The exclusive ownership or control of trade in a particular good or service

Question 22

Nativism

Answer 22

the promotion of policies that favour the existing dominant culture in a country and reduce immigration

Question 23

Neo-conservatism

Answer 23

an ideology that emerged in the United States during the 1950s and 60s as a reaction against modern liberal principles, favouring a return to old values like “family values”, often resting on a religious foundation

Question 24

New deal

Answer 24

economic policies put in place by US president Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933, giving the government a more significant role in the regulation of the economy and providing a social “safety net”

Question 25

positive freedoms

Answer 25

embraced by modern liberals, the idea that freedom should encompass the “freedom to” rather than just the “freedom from”. This usually requires some degree of government intervention

Question 26

postwar consensus

Answer 26

an agreement, following WWII between most countries about the basic objectives and principles of government, represented by the Keynesian approach to the economy

Question 27

progressivism

Answer 27

a 1920s movement in the US, usually associated with President Theodore Roosevelt, that reacted to the perceived abuses of lassize-faire capitalism by large corporations

Question 28

socialism

Answer 28

an ideology that believes that the resources should be controlled by the public for the benefit of everyone in society, and not by private interests for the benefit of private owners and investors

Question 29

social programs

Answer 29

programs that affect human welfare in a society, like education, health, and income support

Question 30

stagflation

Answer 30

an economic condition where stagnation and high inflation occur at the same time, most notably occurring in the 1970s

Question 31

trickle-down economics

Answer 31

government policies that include reduced income and business taxes, reduces regulation, and increased government spending on military

Question 32

universal suffrage

Answer 32

the right of all members of society to fully participate politically, beginning with the right to vote

Question 33

welfare capitalism

Answer 33

initiatives by industrialists to provide workers with non-monetary rewards to head off the growing demand for labour unions also refers to government programs providing social safety nets

Question 34

welfare state

Answer 34

a state in which the economy is capitalist, but the government uses policies that directly or indirectly modify the market forces to ensure economic stability and a basic standard of living for its citizens through social programs