Unit 4: Varieties Of Spoken Communication

Question 1

Who communicates. WHAT?

Answer 1

What is the precise topic or subject of the communication?eg. What’s it about….fit to fly was aircraft safety and emergency procedures

Question 2

WHO communicates WHAT to WHOM

Answer 2

To whom is someone communicating….(addressee). What is the role of the listener or reader.Eg. Fit to. Fly is plane passengers

Question 3

WHO communicates WHAT to WHOM, HOW?

Answer 3

Which channel or medium is being used? ..eg. Letter, telephone, radio, television, email

Question 4

WHO communicates WHAT to WHOM, HOW and WHY?

Answer 4

What are the intentions behind the communication? Is it to persuade, please , flatter, I form?

Question 5

WHO communicates WHAT to WHOM, HOW and WHY and on WHAT occasion?

Answer 5

What is the setting, when does it take place?

Question 6

What are the six questions? What is PRESCRIBED ?

Answer 6

Who, What, Whom, When, Where, Why and How.

Prescribed means direct, ordered,authorise, stipulate.

Question 7

What are GENRE?

Answer 7

Genre (classification or category)

Question 8

What is language STYLE or REGISTER?

Answer 8

The particular language variety associated with a particular situation.
Eg. Legalese….by a judge
Teacher Talk…..by a teacher
Caregiver speech….by caregivers of children

Question 9

What are the two types of style within everyone’s LINGUISTIC REPERTOIRE?

Answer 9

Formal or informal styles,

Question 10

Styles within a language…

Answer 10

PRONUNCIATION, VOCABULARY AND SYNTAX.
Slang words eg. Sweet as
Jargon eg. For an occupation or sport

Question 11

What is DIALECT?

Answer 11

A language variety associated with a particular region or social group.

Question 12

What is an accent?

Answer 12

Two dialects such as New Zealand English and American English. Have different ACCENTS or pronunciation features.

Question 13

Important summary….

Answer 13

Varieties of spoken (or written) communication can be conceptualised and analysed according to a number of basic questions? Who? What? How? Whom? Why? What occasion?
ALSO IMPORTANT TO CONSIDER ARE GENRE, STYLE AND DIALECT.

Question 14

THE LISTENER: what are the reasons for communication break downs?

Answer 14

Processing from the bottom up….cohort theory
Processing from the top down…..syntactic parsing
Using means of context and world knowledge.

Question 15

What is listening for redundancy?

Answer 15

REDUNDANCY….is the inclusion in a message of information that repeats or reinforces information already given.

Question 16

Listening with prediction and anticipation strategies

Answer 16

A key factor in comprehension is the ability to predict what will come next.
Eg. If someone mentions a dental appointment, we are primed to respond appropriately …this priming is thought to utilise SCHEMA

Question 17

What two strategies do we use to ensure our meaning is clearly transmitted?

Answer 17

ACCOMMODATING OTHER SPEAKERS …consider their linguistic background, understanding …..eg. We may change our pronunciation, lexical choice, formality , tone etc
AND….. BEING ADAPTABLE…. Eg. Formal occasions or informal occasions

Question 18

What is H.H. GRICE…..COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE? And what are the four maxims?

Answer 18

Philosopher HH GRICE, made the point, to communicate we must work together, collaborative and reciprocal manner….the cooperative principal .
4 maxims or principles
1: QUANTITY: your contribution should be as informative as required DONOT make your contribution more than required.
2: QUALITY: do not say what you believe to be false (lie)
3: RELATION: be relevant
4: MANNER; …be clear, be brief, be orderly, avoid obscurity

Question 19

What is sarcasm?

Answer 19

Exaggeration or sarcasm can be tone of voice, or flouting a maxim eg. Nice tie!…..flouts maxim of Quality….you believe it to be false.

Question 20

What are Do we use in out TOOLBOX to analyse spoken or written communication?

Answer 20

1- the conventional meaning of words
2- the cooperation principle
3- linguistic and non-linguistic contexts
4- background knowledge
5- that both interlocutor in a communicative exchange are aware of 1 +4

Question 21

Language of communication, varieties are….

Answer 21

The language of conversation ….ordinary speech.
Spontaneous speech found in conversation is the stuff of life.
Conversation provides insight into mind process speech?

Question 22

What are basic observations of conversation ?

Answer 22

… Mutually constructed and negotiated between speakers

… Informal and unplanned

Question 23

Who communicates ?

Answer 23

Putting language within its context….who? Who are the speakers (addressors).eg, what kind of people are they?

Question 24

As conversation is informal and unplanned what are three characteristics highlighted, describe INEXPLICITNESS

Answer 24

1- INEXPLICITNESS……eg. He/ she if already spoken about…“anaphoric reference.” A speaker is more likely to indicate direction or location (gesticulating )… May use ‘vague lexical terms’ eg.thing, stuff.
The speakers will have lots of normal non-fluency…eg, err, um ….pause

Question 25

Three characteristics of conversation, describe NORMAL NON-FLUENCY

Answer 25

A high proportion of errors, not polished, Ums, hahs and pauses

Question 26

The third conversation characteristic is RANDOMNESS OF SUBJECT....explain

Answer 26

Casual conversations tend to meander randomly...this randomness or conversation drift from topic to topic..shows considerable skill tying new topics into what has been said before.

Question 27

Name some notational devices of NARROW TRANSCRIPT

Answer 27

| | tone unit. + pause \ fall in pitch/intonation / rise in pitch/I notation [ ] overlapping discourse. ( ) description of actions/voice _______ underline word or syllable. --- unfinished word or phrase: emphasis on word or syllable. Indicates repair or interrupt

Question 28

What are ADJACENCY PAIRS?

Answer 28

A pair of utterances produced by two successive speakers, in such a way that second utterance is identified as related to first utterance eg. What you doing? I'm lying by my pool

Question 29

What are PAIR PARTS?

Answer 29

As adjacency pairs are basically turn taking....pair parts is which pairs fit together. Grimes four maxims of conversational relevance. First pair part, second pair part.

Question 30

During conversation, turn taking is...

Answer 30

Who has 'the floor' ...given that a speaker occupies certain points of conversation.

Question 31

What are 'filler words'

Answer 31

Words such as, err or ummmm, are called filler words to help us buy a little time for arranging our thoughts and allowing us to maintain the floor!

Question 32

REPAIR.... SELF-REPAIR OR OTHER REPAIRS....

Answer 32

Self repair as name suggests is when we correct ourself eg. I' m going to the movies tomorrow....I mean, the opera Other repair again as name suggests is when someone repairs you Eg. I am going to the shop on Queen Street... You mean the one on King Street don't you? Yeah, that's right, King Street

Question 33

What are language features of a media interview?

Answer 33

LEXICAL FEATURES:... The language could be informal relaxed chat show or formal interview involving a person of high status. SYNTACTIC FEATURES:.... such as interrogative questions, proceeding information for viewer Eg. You grew up in India and moved to NZ after high school. Do you think this has influenced your work? PHONOLOGICAL FEATURES: ... Can show lack of fluency, hesitation...more conversational DISCOURSE FEATURES:... COUTLHARD provides a framework for exchanges ***initiation of the setting and context ***soliciting information *** response *** defending *** hedging..."As I understand,...

Question 34

What are the language features of a news broadcast?

Answer 34

PHONOLOGY:... Accent will be standard NZ English. VOCABULARY :... LEXICAL CHOICES will be familiar words/terms.... SYNTAX:... Scripted sections are rich and complex, concisely packing in information. DISCOURSE FEATURES:... One turn...long as single speaker but structured ie. Introduction, lead item ( which consists of lead sentence, attribution or quotes about what has happened/been said, description of event, reactions of interested parties) conclusion...which may include a CODA...to repeat their names and the tv/radio agency...."this is Louise Prance for Sick of study weekend" ****often, the lead story is most important/strongest interest and the final story is a light item with more human interest, or humour both are usually the best remembered*****

Question 35

What are the linguistic features of sports commentaries?

Answer 35

Unscripted as not aware what's going to happen, often resemble a conversation....spontaneous speech or Ad libbing. Some sports for example horse racing have stereotyped beginning ,middle,and end. Describing the horse/jockey name, position and distance. LANGUAGE FEATURES:... Often incomplete sentences, frequent use of lists,short, common words, present time, rhythmic speech...ie fast/ slow. (Horse race/cricket) ####The commentary must be accurate and impartial##### They must give timing, score and describe place/position of players.....especially on radio with no visual for viewer

Question 36

What are the language/linguistic features of television commercials?

Answer 36

LANGUAGE IS THE KEY FACTOR, CRUCIAL FOR ATTRACTING ATTENTION OF AUDIENCE AND CONSUMERS YIELDING TO ADVERT MOST IMPORTANTLY REMEMBERING THE PRODUCT OR SERVICE: Language play:...eg. Put a tiger in your tank... Esso petrol Informal style:...little grammatical structure Abbreviated language captions and slogans Repetition....especially brand names Simulated interaction... Tired? You bet I am. That's why.... Use of stereotype accents:.. German accents for German-made cars.

Question 37

What are the linguistic features of PUBLIC ADDRESS?

Answer 37

Public address implies the speaker is addressing a group of people not a single person Public address must be audible and clear...no opportunity for feedback Public address usually speaker putting across a message Public Address can be church service, sermons and repetition Courtroom characterised by terminology and use of Latin, ritualised terms of address, complex sentence structure Public address politics...own jargon, ie The right honourable ..humor, rhetorical questions and off-the-cuff remarks!