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Language And Communication Exam Study > Unit 4: Varieties Of Spoken Communication > Flashcards

Unit 4: Varieties Of Spoken Communication Flashcards

1
Q

Who communicates. WHAT?

A

What is the precise topic or subject of the communication?eg. What’s it about….fit to fly was aircraft safety and emergency procedures

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2
Q

WHO communicates WHAT to WHOM

A

To whom is someone communicating….(addressee). What is the role of the listener or reader.Eg. Fit to. Fly is plane passengers

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3
Q

WHO communicates WHAT to WHOM, HOW?

A

Which channel or medium is being used? ..eg. Letter, telephone, radio, television, email

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4
Q

WHO communicates WHAT to WHOM, HOW and WHY?

A

What are the intentions behind the communication? Is it to persuade, please , flatter, I form?

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5
Q

WHO communicates WHAT to WHOM, HOW and WHY and on WHAT occasion?

A

What is the setting, when does it take place?

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6
Q

What are the six questions? What is PRESCRIBED ?

A

Who, What, Whom, When, Where, Why and How.

Prescribed means direct, ordered,authorise, stipulate.

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7
Q

What are GENRE?

A

Genre (classification or category)

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8
Q

What is language STYLE or REGISTER?

A

The particular language variety associated with a particular situation.
Eg. Legalese….by a judge
Teacher Talk…..by a teacher
Caregiver speech….by caregivers of children

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9
Q

What are the two types of style within everyone’s LINGUISTIC REPERTOIRE?

A

Formal or informal styles,

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10
Q

Styles within a language…

A

PRONUNCIATION, VOCABULARY AND SYNTAX.
Slang words eg. Sweet as
Jargon eg. For an occupation or sport

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11
Q

What is DIALECT?

A

A language variety associated with a particular region or social group.

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12
Q

What is an accent?

A

Two dialects such as New Zealand English and American English. Have different ACCENTS or pronunciation features.

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13
Q

Important summary….

A

Varieties of spoken (or written) communication can be conceptualised and analysed according to a number of basic questions? Who? What? How? Whom? Why? What occasion?
ALSO IMPORTANT TO CONSIDER ARE GENRE, STYLE AND DIALECT.

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14
Q

THE LISTENER: what are the reasons for communication break downs?

A

Processing from the bottom up….cohort theory
Processing from the top down…..syntactic parsing
Using means of context and world knowledge.

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15
Q

What is listening for redundancy?

A

REDUNDANCY….is the inclusion in a message of information that repeats or reinforces information already given.

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16
Q

Listening with prediction and anticipation strategies

A

A key factor in comprehension is the ability to predict what will come next.
Eg. If someone mentions a dental appointment, we are primed to respond appropriately …this priming is thought to utilise SCHEMA

17
Q

What two strategies do we use to ensure our meaning is clearly transmitted?

A

ACCOMMODATING OTHER SPEAKERS …consider their linguistic background, understanding …..eg. We may change our pronunciation, lexical choice, formality , tone etc
AND….. BEING ADAPTABLE…. Eg. Formal occasions or informal occasions

18
Q

What is H.H. GRICE…..COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE? And what are the four maxims?

A

Philosopher HH GRICE, made the point, to communicate we must work together, collaborative and reciprocal manner….the cooperative principal .
4 maxims or principles
1: QUANTITY: your contribution should be as informative as required DONOT make your contribution more than required.
2: QUALITY: do not say what you believe to be false (lie)
3: RELATION: be relevant
4: MANNER; …be clear, be brief, be orderly, avoid obscurity

19
Q

What is sarcasm?

A

Exaggeration or sarcasm can be tone of voice, or flouting a maxim eg. Nice tie!…..flouts maxim of Quality….you believe it to be false.

20
Q

What are Do we use in out TOOLBOX to analyse spoken or written communication?

A

1- the conventional meaning of words
2- the cooperation principle
3- linguistic and non-linguistic contexts
4- background knowledge
5- that both interlocutor in a communicative exchange are aware of 1 +4

21
Q

Language of communication, varieties are….

A

The language of conversation ….ordinary speech.
Spontaneous speech found in conversation is the stuff of life.
Conversation provides insight into mind process speech?

22
Q

What are basic observations of conversation ?

A

… Mutually constructed and negotiated between speakers

… Informal and unplanned

23
Q

Who communicates ?

A

Putting language within its context….who? Who are the speakers (addressors).eg, what kind of people are they?

24
Q

As conversation is informal and unplanned what are three characteristics highlighted, describe INEXPLICITNESS

A

1- INEXPLICITNESS……eg. He/ she if already spoken about…“anaphoric reference.” A speaker is more likely to indicate direction or location (gesticulating )… May use ‘vague lexical terms’ eg.thing, stuff.
The speakers will have lots of normal non-fluency…eg, err, um ….pause

25
Q

Three characteristics of conversation, describe NORMAL NON-FLUENCY

A

A high proportion of errors, not polished, Ums, hahs and pauses

26
Q

The third conversation characteristic is RANDOMNESS OF SUBJECT….explain

A

Casual conversations tend to meander randomly…this randomness or conversation drift from topic to topic..shows considerable skill tying new topics into what has been said before.

27
Q

Name some notational devices of NARROW TRANSCRIPT

A

| tone unit. + pause
\ fall in pitch/intonation / rise in pitch/I notation
[ ] overlapping discourse. ( ) description of actions/voice
_______ underline word or syllable. — unfinished word or phrase:
emphasis on word or syllable. Indicates repair or interrupt

28
Q

What are ADJACENCY PAIRS?

A

A pair of utterances produced by two successive speakers, in such a way that second utterance is identified as related to first utterance eg.
What you doing?
I’m lying by my pool

29
Q

What are PAIR PARTS?

A

As adjacency pairs are basically turn taking….pair parts is which pairs fit together. Grimes four maxims of conversational relevance. First pair part, second pair part.

30
Q

During conversation, turn taking is…

A

Who has ‘the floor’ …given that a speaker occupies certain points of conversation.

31
Q

What are ‘filler words’

A

Words such as, err or ummmm, are called filler words to help us buy a little time for arranging our thoughts and allowing us to maintain the floor!

32
Q

REPAIR…. SELF-REPAIR OR OTHER REPAIRS….

A

Self repair as name suggests is when we correct ourself
eg. I’ m going to the movies tomorrow….I mean, the opera

Other repair again as name suggests is when someone repairs you
Eg. I am going to the shop on Queen Street…
You mean the one on King Street don’t you?
Yeah, that’s right, King Street

33
Q

What are language features of a media interview?

A

LEXICAL FEATURES:… The language could be informal relaxed chat show or formal interview involving a person of high status.
SYNTACTIC FEATURES:…. such as interrogative questions, proceeding information for viewer
Eg. You grew up in India and moved to NZ after high school. Do you think this has influenced your work?
PHONOLOGICAL FEATURES: … Can show lack of fluency, hesitation…more conversational
DISCOURSE FEATURES:… COUTLHARD provides a framework for exchanges
**initiation of the setting and context
**soliciting information
** response
** defending
*** hedging…“As I understand,…

34
Q

What are the language features of a news broadcast?

A

PHONOLOGY:… Accent will be standard NZ English.
VOCABULARY :… LEXICAL CHOICES will be familiar words/terms….
SYNTAX:… Scripted sections are rich and complex, concisely packing in information.
DISCOURSE FEATURES:… One turn…long as single speaker but structured ie. Introduction, lead item ( which consists of lead sentence, attribution or quotes about what has happened/been said, description of event, reactions of interested parties)
conclusion…which may include a CODA…to repeat their names and the tv/radio agency….”this is Louise Prance for Sick of study weekend”
often, the lead story is most important/strongest interest and the final story is a light item with more human interest, or humour both are usually the best remembered*

35
Q

What are the linguistic features of sports commentaries?

A

Unscripted as not aware what’s going to happen, often resemble a conversation….spontaneous speech or Ad libbing.
Some sports for example horse racing have stereotyped beginning ,middle,and end. Describing the horse/jockey name, position and distance.
LANGUAGE FEATURES:…
Often incomplete sentences, frequent use of lists,short, common words, present time, rhythmic speech…ie fast/ slow. (Horse race/cricket)
####The commentary must be accurate and impartial#####
They must give timing, score and describe place/position of players…..especially on radio with no visual for viewer

36
Q

What are the language/linguistic features of television commercials?

A

LANGUAGE IS THE KEY FACTOR, CRUCIAL FOR ATTRACTING ATTENTION OF AUDIENCE AND CONSUMERS YIELDING TO ADVERT MOST IMPORTANTLY REMEMBERING THE PRODUCT OR SERVICE:
Language play:…eg. Put a tiger in your tank… Esso petrol
Informal style:…little grammatical structure
Abbreviated language captions and slogans
Repetition….especially brand names
Simulated interaction… Tired? You bet I am. That’s why….
Use of stereotype accents:.. German accents for German-made cars.

37
Q

What are the linguistic features of PUBLIC ADDRESS?

A

Public address implies the speaker is addressing a group of people not a single person
Public address must be audible and clear…no opportunity for feedback
Public address usually speaker putting across a message
Public Address can be church service, sermons and repetition
Courtroom characterised by terminology and use of Latin, ritualised terms of address, complex sentence structure

Public address politics…own jargon, ie The right honourable ..humor, rhetorical questions and off-the-cuff remarks!

Language And Communication Exam Study (4 decks)

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