Unit 4: Transoceanic Interconnections Flashcards
Middle Passage
The part of the triangular trade where millions of African slaves were transported to the Americas to work on (primarily) plantations growing cash crops
British East India Company
An English/British joint-stock company in 17th-century to 19th-century India
John Calvin
A French theologian, pastor, and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation. He is a principal figure in the development of the Christian theology later called Calvinism.
Francisco Pizarro
Spanish conquistador, explorer, and soldier who led Spain’s conquest of the Incas
Elizabeth I
Queen of England and Ireland who was deemed as one of the greatest monarchs, defeating the Spanish Armada and preventing England’s invasion.
James I
King of England and Scotland who established peace between England and Spain, but was also controversial for his lavish spending.
Charles I
King Charles I was a British king in the mid-1600s who was beheaded for treason and provoked a civil war after fighting with the Parliament.
Oliver Cromwell
English general who led the Parliament of England against King Charles I and was infamous for his ethnic cleansing acts/genocide in Ireland
Habeas corpus act
translated as “you may have the body”, the habeas corpus act is an act of parliament to ensure that no one can be imprisoned unlawfully.
Neoclassical period
From 1660-1798, this was a widespread and influential movement of innovated classical art, literature, and architecture inspired by the Greeks and Romans.
Humanism
A movement that valued the study of humanities and culture as advancement from popular yet unrefined topics of study in the Middle Ages.
Printing press
Also known as the Gutenberg press, derived from its inventor, Johannes Gutenberg. Allowed an unprecedented amount of information to be shared in a shorter amount of time.
Indulgences
The Catholic Church granted these “free passes” as a remission of the recipients’ sins.
Atheists.
People who do not believe in the existence of a God or multiple gods.
Mercantilism
A trade theory that was put in place to better the economy by increasing trade by exporting more goods and importing less good.
Spanish inquisition
Put in place to solidify the power of the monarchy in the Spanish kingdom and to strengthen beliefs in religion.
Protestant Reformation
The Reformation was a major movement within Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church and in particular to papal authority, arising from what were perceived to be errors, abuses, and discrepancies by the Catholic Church.
Hernando (Hernan) Cortes
Hernán Cortés was a Spanish conquistador who was the 1st Marquess of the Valley of Oaxaca. He led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century.
Enlightenment
A philosophical movement beginning in France in the eighteenth-century. Advocated reason and logic as the basis of all authority, and all decisions are using reason and logic to solve social problems.
Kongo and Angola
The Kongo kingdom was a major source of slaves for the Portuguese and other European powers.
Zheng He
A Chinese mariner, explorer and diplomat that led China to become the superpower of the Indian Ocean trade.
Divine Right
The belief of absolute rulers that their right to govern is granted by God.
Huguenots
A french protestant who kept the tradition of protestantism
Mandate of Heaven
The belief of Chinese rulers that they had direct authority from heaven to rule and to keep order in the Universe.
Act of supremacy
2 acts were passed by the parliament to initiate King Henry the 8th as the head of the church of England
Long parliament
Following the short parliament, the long parliament was created in 1640 to raise revenue to battle Scotland in the ‘Bishop’s Wars’.
Treaty of Tordesillas
On June 7, 1494, a line of demarcation was established to compromise conflicts between Spain and Portugal over newly discovered land; the line gave Spain the land to the west (newly discovered land) and the Portuguese the land to the east.
Peninsular or Peninsulares
This refers to the Spanish-born colonial residents of Latin America, who were favored by the Spanish crown and were given the highest positions and flexibility in commerce, compared to their American-born Spanish residents.
English commonwealth
Sovereign states of the United Kingdom that were previously nations and british colonies that still pay allegiance to the British crown.
