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Biology > Unit 4 Topic 1 - DNA > Flashcards

Unit 4 Topic 1 - DNA Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What 3 components make up a nucleotide?

A

A phosphate, a sugar and a nitrogen base

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2
Q

What number carbon is the P group attached to?

A

5th carbon

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3
Q

What are the complementary base pairs?

A

Adenine - Thymine
Guanine - Cytosine

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4
Q

Explain the composition of chromosomes

A

Consists of DNA strands coiled around histone proteins to create a supercoil

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5
Q

What are the stages of Mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

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6
Q

List and explain the three steps of DNA replication.

A
  1. The enzyme helicase ‘unzips’ the DNA to create a fork
  2. the enzyme DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the template strands to built two new complementary strands.
  3. two identical DNA helices are produced
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7
Q

Explain the difference between sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes

A

Sister chromatids refer to each half of a chromosome, whereas homologous chromosomes refer to an inherited pair of chromosomes

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8
Q

What are the phases of meiosis?

A

Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

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9
Q

How many chromosomes do each haploid cell have after meiosis?

A

23

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10
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

the production of sperm in the testes

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11
Q

how many haploid sperm cells are produced after meiosis

A

4

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12
Q

What is Oogenesis

A

The production of ovaries in females

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13
Q

How many viable haploid cells are produced in Oogenesis

A

1, The other three become polar bodies

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14
Q

When do the stages of Oogenesis occur in women?

A

Mitosis -> before birth
Meiosis 1 -> at puberty
Meiosis 2 -> at pregnancy

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15
Q

Identify the key differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis

A

Spermatogenesis produced 4 viable haploid cells, Oogenesis only produces 1.

Spermatogenesis is a constant process that begins at puberty, whereas Oogenesis is a discontinuous process.

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16
Q

What is independent assortment

A

the orientation of chromosomes during metaphase is random, contributing to genetic variation

17
Q

what is random feralization

A

The random chance of any sperm and egg fertilizing, resulting in random variation

18
Q

What is a gene

A

a sequence of nucleotides that code for a gene product

19
Q

What is a genome

A

the complete set of genetic material in an organism

20
Q

What makes up a codon

A

3 nucleotides

21
Q

What is a gene’s coding region called

A

exon

22
Q

what is a gene’s non-coding region called.

A

intron

note: It is unclear what the exact purpose of these regions is but they may aid in gene regulation

23
Q

List the 4 features of a gene’s structure

A

start and stop codons
promoter region
exon
intron

24
Q

What is the code for a start codon

A

ATG (which becomes AUG, codes for methionine)

25
Q

What is a promoter region

A

A TATAAA sequence where the RNA polymerase binds to start transcription.

26
Q

What is an exons role?

A

they are used to make RNA or proteins

27
Q

Define transcription

A

the synthesis of mRNA from DNA

28
Q

List and define the 3 steps of transcription

A

Initiation - RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region and breaks the hydrogen bonds causing DNA strands to separate

Elongation - RNA polymerase moves along the gene creating an RNA strand from complementary nucleotides

Termination - RNA polymerase reaches the stop codon which causes the RNA to detach

29
Q

What is translation

A

The process in which mRNA is read and used to build a chain of amino acids (polypeptide chain)

30
Q

What is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

tRNA adds the specific amino acid to the polypeptide chain

31
Q

Thymine is replaced with what base in RNA?

A

Uracil

32
Q

List and define the stages of translation

A

Initiation - Ribosome assembles around mRNA and the first tRNA is put in place.

Elongation - mRNA is read and amino acids are added into the polypeptide chain

Termination - finished protein chain is released

33
Q

What is the purpose of gene expression

A

To produce a functional gene product

34
Q

What is a transcription factor

A

Proteins that control gene expression

35
Q

What are epigenetics

A

environmental mechanisms that alter gene expression without directly involving the DNA sequence
(mechanisms can include diet or pollutants)

36
Q

Explain the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance

A

Incomplete dominance results in a blended phenotype (e.g. a red and white flower may produce a pink flower)

Codominance results in both parents phenotypes being represented

37
Q

What is a Polymerase Chain Reaction

A

The replication of a single or few copies of DNA into millions or billions of copies so that the DNA can be amplified and studied

Biology (4 decks)

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