Unit 4: The Indochina Wars Test Flashcards
who is Ho Chi Minh?
Nationalist and communist leader of North Vietnam.
Traveled the world learning several languages and returned to Vietnam to lead his people in the struggle against colonial oppression.
Led North Vietnam to war against the South and the US before his death in 1969.
Ho Chi Minh and the United States
Ho Chi Minh collaborated with the US Army in the fight against the Japanese, and he and his military commander, General Giap, both admired the strength of the US as well as their ambitions to secure the freedom and sovereignty of the world’s many nations.
After World War II, Ho declared Vietnamese independence and the formation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, citing the American Declaration of Independence in his speech.
Ho Chi Minh and Chinese Nationalists
Ho Chi Minh also feared occupation from the Chinese, and he looked to nations such as the USSR and the US for aid against threats from the French and the Republic of China to colonize his land.
The people of Vietnam had fought the Chinese using guerrilla tactics since the 19th century, and they had formed a strong nationalism against outside forces seeking their land.
Ho Chi Minh was a nationalist before he was a communist, and more than anything, he wished to free Vietnam from colonialism and give his people a better life.
Indochinese Communist Party (ICP)
Formed by Ho Chi Minh in Hong Kong in 1930, it was later responsible for forming the Vietminh and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
Aimed to overthrow French colonial rule and establish a communist regime in Vietnam.
Organized political and military resistance against the French and later Japanese occupiers.
Vietnam’s past with China
Historically, Vietnam was under Chinese domination for over a millennium until the 10th century.
This history of resistance against a powerful neighbor shaped Vietnamese nationalism and anti-colonial efforts.
French colonization of Vietnam
France began colonizing Vietnam in the mid-19th century, fully controlling it by the late 19th century.
Exploited Vietnam’s resources and imposed harsh colonial rule.
Resistance movements emerged, culminating in the formation of the ICP and the Vietminh.
Emperor Bao Dai
Ho Chi Minh, also known as Uncle Ho, had tremendous support in Vietnam as the people shared his desire for a free and sovereign Vietnam.
The French supported the rule of their puppet emperor, Bao Dai, who was a very unpopular figure among the Vietnamese people.
The Vietminh began clashing with French soldiers after World War II as calls for independence escalated, and Ho Chi Minh was resolved to overthrow Bao Dai and oust the French.
War against Japan during World War II
Ho Chi Minh collaborated with the US Army in the fight against the Japanese, and he and his military commander, General Giap, both admired the strength of the US as well as their ambitions to secure the freedom and sovereignty of the world’s many nations.
Vietnam Independence League (Vietminh)
His was resolved to see the Vietnamese people free of their Japanese and French overlords, and create an egalitarian society that benefitted all the free people of Vietnam.
He created the Vietnam Independence League, also known as the Vietminh, to achieve this goal.
Initially formed in response to occupation by the Japanese and the French. Its mission was to free Vietnam from colonial rule.
Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN)
After World War II, Ho declared Vietnamese independence and the formation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, citing the American Declaration of Independence in his speech.
In 1945, Ho Chi Minh declared Vietnamese independence with the formation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, a communist and nationalist country free of colonial occupation.
This would later also be known as North Vietnam when North was split from the south after the Geneva Accords and the elections of South Vietnam in 1955.
General Giap
Military leader of Vietnam who fought against the Japanese during World War II, the French during the First Vietnam War, and the Americans during the Second Vietnam War.
A close associate of Ho Chi Minh and the military leader of the Vietminh.
Architect of key victories against the French, including the decisive Battle of Dien Bien Phu.
First Indochina War against France
The First Indochina War began in 1946 when Ho Chi Minh declared war on the French occupying his country.
By 1952, General Giap commanded a massive army, and he used guerilla tactics to harass and exhaust the French forces in Vietnam.
Giap’s army was being helped by Mao and the PRC, and they received enough arms and support to sustain the fight against the French.
People’s Army of Vietnam (PAVN)
The army of Ho Chi Minh and General Giap. They fought under the Vietminh against the French during the First Vietnam War and then fought for the Democratic Republic of Vietnam against the US and South Vietnam during the Second Vietnam War.
Mao Zedong and the People’s Republic of China
In 1949, Mao Zedong emerged victorious from the Chinese Civil War and established the People’s Republic of China as the government of the nation.
Truman was criticized by Republicans for losing China, and therefore was resolved to appear tougher on the spread of communism in Asia.
Out of his need to support the French, his suspicions of Ho Chi Minh, and his need to contain the spread of communism, Truman denounced Ho and supported France’s claim to Vietnam.
Harry Truman and support of France and Chinese Nationalists
During Truman’s presidency, the US got more involved in Vietnam by sending financial aid and arms to the French who were trying to reclaim possession of their old colony of Indochina.
They accomplished this by using the Military Assistance Advisory Group.
Truman and his advisers feared that Ho Chi Minh was a puppet of Moscow and therefore did not approve of his nationalistic movement in Vietnam.
Truman also believed it necessary to support the French as they were important allies against the spread of communism in Europe and Asia.
Eisenhower escalates support
Eisenhower shared many of the same fears of Truman; he was resolved to support the French in Vietnam in order to stop China’s influence in the region, to secure France as an ally and to appear tough on Communism.
Under Eisenhower, the US increased financial aid to France during the First Vietnam War, and he got much more politically involved in securing democratic freedom for South Vietnam in the wake of Ho Chi Minh’s communist revolution by sending military advisers to Vietnam.
Battle of Dienbienphu
Ho’s army was strengthening, and the French army was dwindling; they had no response for the Guerrilla tactics of General Giap.
In 1954, the French decided to concentrate their efforts on Dienbienphu, a stronghold that the French could use to cut off the Vietnminh supply lines and draw them into a face to face battle.
General Giap, however, used his tactical enginuity to emplace artillery in the hills surrounding Dienbienphu and bombard the French into submission.
The Geneva Conference and the Geneva Accords
After the victory of the Vietminh over the French at Dienbienphu, an international conference was held to decide the fate of Indochina.
The US and the French sought a truce, but did not wish to relinquish control of their influence in the country, while Ho wanted all of Vietnam under communist control, but sought a truce in order to reorganize his forces.
China wished for a truce to negate the possibility of the US entering Vietnam, and the USSR wished to divide all parties involved so that their position would not be threatened by either an alliance between the US and France or between Mao and Ho.
Negotiations at the Geneva Conference did not go well; regardless, the Geneva Accords were the result.
They outlined that that the Vietnminh would rule the north and relinquish any occupation of the south, and Bao Dai would rule the south and pull out of the north.
The 17th parallel would serve as a border between the two areas until a democratic election, held in 1956, would decide the ruler of a unified Vietnam.
This was a tentative agreement, and no documents were ever signed.
Two Vietnams
Vietnam was split into two: Ho and the communists ruled the north from Hanoi and Bao Dai and his Prime Minister, Ngo Dinh Diem, ruled the south from Saigon.
Since the Geneva Accords only applied to North Vietnam and France, the US did not recognize the accord and continued their support of Bao Dai and Diem in the south.
North Vietnam (DRVN) under Ho Chi Minh.
South Vietnam (RVN) under Ngo Dinh Diem, supported by the US.
Rise of Ngo Dinh Diem
In October 1955, Diem held an election in South Vietnam in order to secure power over the southern state.
He intimidated voters using force and suppressed all supporters of Bao Dai in order to secure the election, sometimes holding them down and pouring pepper sauce down their nostrils.
Republic of Vietnam (RVN)
After Diem’s takeover, he refused to recognize the Geneva Accords and formed the Republic of Vietnam in the South from his capital of Saigon.
The Republic of Vietnam was established by Diem in 1955 after he refused to take part in countrywide elections against Ho Chi Minh.
Diem forced Bao Dai out of the country, then known as the State of Vietnam, and held rigged elections in order to form the RVN.
During the Second Vietnam War, it was popularly referred to as South Vietnam.
American support of Diem
After Diem’s takeover, he refused to recognize the Geneva Accords and formed the Republic of Vietnam in the South from his capital of Saigon.
The Americans had their doubts about Diem as he did not have full support of the people, and as Senator Nixon said, he was unable to wage a war or govern the South by himself.
Regardless, the US recognized and supported Diem out of their need to resist the spread of communism in Vietnam, and there was no one else to truly support.
Chinese and USSR support of Ho Chi Minh
By 1961, Eisenhower had invested over 7 billion dollars in aid to Diem and the South as support for his regime increased.
This dwarfed support from both the USSR and China for Ho Chi Minh as both powers were uninterested in expending resources in Vietnam.
During the time period, what was once seen globally as a fruitful relationship between the USSR and China had turned sour, and China continued to distance itself from Moscow.
This meant that while Ho Chi Minh would receive some support from the two communist giants, they would need to fight American interference in Vietnam, for the most part, alone.
Diem was unliked in the south, but he brutally oppressed the opposition in order to consolidate his power.
Ho, on the other hand, was well liked and supported in the north.
Diem saw Ho and his supporters as nothing more than violent rebels; he could not conceive of the fact that Ho’s ideals regarding communism and vietnamese equality resonated with the majority of the nation’s peasants.
However, Ho himself also used brutal tactics to secure power, such as having his People’s Army of Vietnam kill or deport those who opposed him.
National Liberation Front/People’s Liberation Armed Forces (Vietcong)
Many in the south were also quietly loyal to Ho Chi Minh, but prior to 1959, he encouraged them to remain underground in order to abide by the Geneva accords.
This gave Diem the chance to hunt down Ho’s supporters in Saigon and imprison or execute them by the thousands.
From 1960, Ho’s supporters in the south called themselves the National Liberation Front, but Diem called them the Vietcong.
The NLF organized itself into the People’s Liberation Armed Forces, and the second Vietnam War had begun.
Established by Ho Chi Minh’s supporters in South Vietnam. They organized themselves into the People’s Liberation Armed Forces in order to oppose Diem and American occupation of South Vietnam.
The official name of the armed forces loyal to Ho Chi Minh in South Vietnam; however, they were commonly referred to as the Vietcong.
Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN)
The army of Ngo Dinh Diem during the Second Vietnam War. They routinely cooperated with American advisers and military forces throughout the war against North Vietnam.
The military forces of South Vietnam.
Heavily reliant on US support and plagued by issues of corruption and low morale.
John F. Kennedy’s views on Vietnam
Kennedy believed that democracy could thrive in Vietnam; ironically, he did not want nationwide elections to take place because he knew that Ho Chi Minh would win.
Kennedy often reiterated the domino theory, and the belief that should the US not get involved and allow Vietnam to fall to communism, the entire region of South-East Asia would be overrun by communism.
Kennedy had harshly criticized Truman for ‘lo0 sing’ China to communist Mao in 1949, and he would commit himself to ensure that the same did not happen in Vietnam or elsewhere.