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Internal Medicine Final > unit 4 stuff > Flashcards

unit 4 stuff Flashcards

1
Q

how many layers does the skin have and what are they

A

3
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

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2
Q

what are the 2 parts of the dermis

A

papillary dermis
reticular dermis

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3
Q

secondary lesion

A

a lesion becomes secondary when changes occur to primary lesion
(like scale, crust, thickening, ulcer, scar, ect)

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4
Q

what does the lab value of prealbumin indicate

A

nutritional status

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5
Q

what is the lab value hematocrit used for

A

monitoring wound healing

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6
Q

what are the 4 lab values measured with skin lesions/diseases

A

prealbumin
glucose
hemoglobin
hematocrit

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7
Q

melasma

A

hyperpigmentation of the cheeks and forehead

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8
Q

what happens to blood vessels with aging and what are the implications?

A

reduced numbers and get thinner

this compromises blood flow and impairs the individuals ability to thermoregulate

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9
Q

clinical implications of having fewer melanocytes in the skin

A

decreased protection against UV
increased skin cancer risk

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10
Q

the epidermis the body’s principal supplier of which vitamin

A

vitamin D

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11
Q

how does vitamin D deficiency impact the musculoskeletal system

A

increases osteoporosis because calcium needs vitamin D to maintain bones

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12
Q

oxidation damage impacts what 3 parts of the skin

A

lipids
proteins
DNA

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13
Q

2 bacterial skin infections

A

impetigo
cellulitis

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14
Q

2 viral skin infections

A

herpes zoster (chicken pox)
warts (verrucae)

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15
Q

3 fungal skin infections

A

ringworm (tinea corporis)
athletes foot (tinea pedis)
yeast (candidiasis)

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16
Q

psoriasis

A
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17
Q

lupus erythematosus

A
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18
Q

system sclerosis

A
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19
Q

polymyositis/dermatomyositis

A
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20
Q

what is burn severity determined by

A

the depth and total body surface area

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21
Q

what are the percentages and areas of “Wallace rule of nines”

A

9% = arms + head
18% = legs + anterior trunk + posterior trunk

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22
Q

lund and browder method

A
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23
Q

____ burns account for 75% of all burn center admissions

A

thermal

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24
Q

what special population is most vulnerable to burns

A

children
(then older adults)

25
Q

what 4 body systems are affected by burns

A

cardiovascular
renal
GI
immune

26
Q

why is heart rate increased with a cutaneous burn

A

catecholamine release and hypovolemia

27
Q

what happens to cardiac output with a cutaneous burn

A

decreased in the beginning
returns to normal
then INCREASES around 24 hours after injury

28
Q

2 circulatory system symptoms of extensive burns

A
  • edema in both burned/non-burned tissue
  • decrease in circulating intravascular blood volume
29
Q

how do the renal and GI systems respond to a burn

A

shunting blood from kidneys and intestines

30
Q

oliguria

A

decreased urine output

31
Q

paralytic ileus

A

intestinal dysfunction after burns

32
Q

which burn type has a higher chance of being a multisystem injury

A

electrical burn

33
Q

what are the physical characteristics of an electrical burn

A

smaller entrance wounds
explosive exit wounds

34
Q

electrical burns impact which type of tissue the most

A

soft-tissue (muscle/ligament/etc)

35
Q

which is more dangerous and why:
alternating current vs direct current

A

alternating current

it is associated with cardiopulmonary arrest, ventricular fibrillation, and tetanic muscle contractions

36
Q

what is alternating current

A
37
Q

why are chemical burns typically deep

A

they often continue burning until neutralized

38
Q

which burns skin more: acids or alkalines?

A

alkalines

39
Q

what is the danger of having a circumferential burn

A

they can make a tourniquet-like effect and lead to compartment syndrome or total loss of circulation

40
Q

what is the clinical implication of having burns are the hands and joints

A

permanent physical and vocational disability

41
Q

what is the most common and life-threatening complication of burn injuries

A

infection

42
Q

hypertrophic scarring

A
43
Q

3 phases of medial management in burns

A
  1. emergent phase
  2. acute phase
  3. rehabilitative phase
44
Q

what is done in the acute phase of medial management in burns

A

wound management
infection prevention
debridement and skin grafting
physical therapy

45
Q

what is done in the emergent phase of medial management in burns

A

fluid resuscitation
ventilatory management
assessment of burn extent

46
Q

xenographts

A

typically pig skin

47
Q

allografts

A

typically cadaver skin

48
Q

autografts

A

own skin

49
Q

biosynthetic grafts

A

combination of collagen and synthetics

50
Q

what type of graft is most often used in full-thickness burns

A

autograft
(this permanently closes the injury as well)

51
Q

what are the bony prominences most susceptible to pressure ulcers (6)

A

heels
sacrum
ischial tuberosities
grater trochanters
elbows
scapula

52
Q

what is used to classify neuropathic ulcers

A

wagner system

53
Q

stage 1 pressure injury

A

nonblanchable erythema of intact skin

54
Q

stage 2 pressure injury

A

partial-thickness skin loss with exposed dermis

55
Q

stage 3 pressure injury

A

full-thickness skin loss

56
Q

stage 4 pressure injury

A

full-thickness skin and tissue loss

57
Q

unstageable pressure injury

A

obscured full-thickness skin and tissue loss

58
Q

deep tissue pressure injury

A

persistent nonblanchable deep red, maroon, or purple discoloration

59
Q
A

Internal Medicine Final (5 decks)

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