Unit - 4 Skeletal Terminology

Question 1

What is the periosteum?

Answer 1

A fibrous layer of connective tissue surrounding a bone, contains nerve endings and serves as a point of attachment.

Question 2

What is the endosteum?

Answer 2

A connective tissue that lines the cavity (inside) of long bones; plays a role in remodeling and repair.

Question 3

What are lamellae?

Answer 3

Concentric rings (layers) made up of groups of hollow tubes of bone matrix.

Question 4

What is compact bone?

Answer 4

Hard, dense bone tissue, usually found around the outer portion of bones.

Question 5

What is an osteon?

Answer 5

The basic structural (functional) unit of compact bone.

Question 6

What is the central canal?

Answer 6

The center of osteon that contains blood vessels and nerves.

Question 7

What is a perforating canal?

Answer 7

Canal perpendicular to the central canal in bone. Links blood vessels in the central canal to the periosteum and marrow cavity.

Question 8

What is spongy bone?

Answer 8

Layer of bone tissue having many small spaces and/or found just inside the layer of compact bone and the epiphysis of long bones, made of trabeculae.

Question 9

What are trabeculae?

Answer 9

The irregular latticework of thin bony beams in spongy bone tissue.

Question 10

What are osteocytes?

Answer 10

Living bone cells - mature bone cell.

Question 11

What is an osteoblast?

Answer 11

Bone-forming cell.

Question 12

What is an osteoclast?

Answer 12

Cell that breaks down bone.

Question 13

What are lacunae?

Answer 13

Small cavities in between the lamellae of compact bone that contain osteocytes.

Question 14

What are canaliculi?

Answer 14

Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal.

Question 15

What is red bone marrow?

Answer 15

Found in spongy bone; site of hematopoiesis.

Question 16

What is yellow bone marrow?

Answer 16

Fatty tissue found in the marrow cavity of most adult long bones.

Question 17

What is the epiphyseal line?

Answer 17

In adults; remnant of epiphyseal plate after bone growth stops.

Question 18

What is the epiphysis?

Answer 18

The end of a long bone.

Question 19

What is the diaphysis?

Answer 19

Shaft of a long bone.

Question 20

What are chrondrocytes?

Answer 20

Cartilage cell (avascular).

Question 21

What is articular cartilage?

Answer 21

Covers the surfaces of bones where the bones come together to form joints.

Question 22

What is the marrow cavity?

Answer 22

The hollow central cavity that extends the length of the diaphysis. It also contains the bone marrow.

Question 23

What is a ligament?

Answer 23

Connective tissue that connects bone to bone.

Question 24

What is a tendon?

Answer 24

Connective tissue that connects muscle to bone.

Question 25

What is ossification?

Answer 25

Process of bone formation from another material.

Question 26

What is osteolysis?

Answer 26

Destruction of bone.

Question 27

What are short bones?

Answer 27

Bones of equal dimensions - tarsals and carpals.

Question 28

What are long bones?

Answer 28

Bones that are longer than wide - humerus.

Question 29

What are irregular bones?

Answer 29

Bones that don't fit regular categories - vertebrae.

Question 30

What are flat bones?

Answer 30

Bones like the skull (parietal & frontal) and scapula.

Question 31

What is the epiphyseal plate?

Answer 31

When primary and secondary ossification have not met, and the bone is still growing.

Question 32

What is hematopoiesis?

Answer 32

Process of making blood - function of red bone marrow.

Question 33

What is calcium phosphate?

Answer 33

One of the salt compounds that make up most of the matrix of bones.

Question 34

What is osteogenesis?

Answer 34

Term that means bone production.

Question 35

Chondr/o

Answer 35

A word element that means Cartilidge

Question 36

Remodeling

Answer 36

Term for the dynamic nature of bone where the matrix and salt are continually dissolved and replaced.

Question 37

Scurvy

Answer 37

disorder where osteoblasts are affected due to low vitamin C levels

Question 38

Rickets

Answer 38

Disorder where **low vitamin D** levels reduce Calcium absorption in intestines. Causes weak or bowed bones.

Question 39

Osteoporosis

Answer 39

Abnormal loss of bone tissue, resulting in fragile porous bones attributable to lack of calcium, occurs more in WOMEN

Question 40

Female Pelvis

Answer 40

Pelvis where pubic angle is > 100 degrees and enlarged pelvic outlet/inlet

Question 41

Male Pelvis

Answer 41

Pelvis where pubic angle is < 100 degrees and the ilia project upwards/more vertical

Question 42

Open Fracture (Compound)

Answer 42

Broken bone penetrates through skin.

Question 43

Closed Fracture (Closed)

Answer 43

A bone break that does NOT penetrate skin.

Question 44

Fracture

Answer 44

to break a bone

Question 45

Oste/o

Answer 45

A word element meaning bone.

Question 46

Sesamoid Bones

Answer 46

Typically short bones, formed in muscles and tendons near joint surfaces.

Question 47

Osteoid

Answer 47

Collagen fibers and Calcium phosphate, the matrix of the bone.

Question 48

Calcification

Answer 48

The replacing of tissue with calcium salts. Can occur in tissue other than bone.

Question 49

Functions: Support

Answer 49

The entire body is supported by the entire skeletal system, it provides attachment for soft tissue and organs, gives shape.

Question 50

Functions: Storage

Answer 50

Stores: Calcium salts (calcium phosphate) - Ca & P AND Lipids (fat) (stored in yellow marrow for energy)

Question 51

Functions: Blood Cell Production

Answer 51

In the red marrow, makes blood cells (oxygen), white blood cells (immune cells), and Platelets (clots) - hematopoiesis

Question 52

Functions: Protects

Answer 52

Provides protection to soft tissue and organs by surrounding them. EX: Ribs(heart and lungs), skull(brain)

Question 53

Functions: Movement (Leverage)

Answer 53

Bones function as levers. Muscles pull bones, movement occurs.