unit 4 sac 1 Flashcards
economic characteristics of high income countries
low levels of poverty, high average incomes, opportunities for global trade
environmental characteristics of high income countries
food security, access to safe water & sanitation
social characteristics of high income countries
high levels of gender inequality, access to technology, high levels of employment
characteristics of middle income countries
transitioning towards..
economic characteristics of low income countries
high levels of poverty, limited range of industries, lower average incomes
environmental characteristics of low income countries
lack of adequate housing, birth & population groups, lack of adequate infrastructure
social characteristics of low income countries
limited education levels, legal systems, social security systems
what is Gross National Income(GNI)
The total value of goods and services a countries citizens produce, including the value of income earned by citizens who may be working in an overseas country
what is ‘per capitaa’
divided by the population of a country, to give an average income
Access to Safe Water
- definition
- impacts on health and wellbeing
- impacts on health status and burden of disease
definition: refers to water that is not contaminated with disease causing pathogens such as bacteria and viruses, or chemicals such as lead and mercury. An average person requires 50 litres of safe water per day
impacts on health and wellbeing: Physical - lack of safe water increases risk of diseases such as cholera which contributes to dehydration and malnutrition freedom from illness or disease. Mental - lack of water may cause stress for women who need to provide for their family. Social - collecting water requires time, reducing the chance for women & children to participate in their community or make friends negatively impacting their development of relationships.
impacts on health status and burden of disease: Increased spread of illnesses such as diarrhea increasing DALY’s from infectious diseases. YLLs results from infant mortality due to water-borne illness. A lack of clean drinking water causes dehydration and under-nutrition, leading to higher morbidity rates.
sanitation
- definition
- issues
- impacts on health and wellbeing
impacts on health status and burden of disease
definition: refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces. It can also refer to the maintenance of hygienic conditions through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal.
issues: 1. Inadequate sanitation due to contaminated water supplies
2. Limits access to clean water
3. Negatively impacts girls regarding educations, harassment and injury
impacts on health and wellbeing: Physical - lack of private toilets may mean that women and girls are ‘holding on’ all day which can cause damages to their urinary tract, impacting the efficient functioning of the body systems. Social - due to a lack of sanitation girls would not be allowed to attend school, they are unable to participate in their community, make friends and develop their relationships.
impacts on health status and burden of disease: Contaminated water supplies cause inadequate sanitation which leads to an increase in DALY’s from infectious diseases such as cholera. Higher YLD due to contaminated water supplies causing an increase in diseases such as cholera
poverty
- definition
- issues
- impacts on health and wellbeing
- impacts on health status and burden of disease
poverty definition: refers to not only money but also lack of access to basic human environments eg, food, shelter
Extreme poverty definition: defined as living on less than US$1.90 a day
Relative poverty definition: defined as living on less than 50% of your countries GNI per capita
issues: 1. Reduced access to resources such as education, health services, employment and food security. 2. High rates result in less income generated through tax for governments to spend on resources for citizens. 3. Leads to lower literacy rates, resulting in unemployment, low paid work and exploitation
impacts on health and wellbeing:
Spiritual - living in poverty means that people do not have the means to meet their basic needs. Not being able to provide for your family can lead to losing a sense of hope, spirit and purpose due to feeling as though you are not able to make a difference. Mental - due to feelings of inadequacy and not being able to make decisions and think clearly. When the body is under stress and malnourished, one’s ability to think logically and process information is directly impacted.
impacts on health status and burden of disease: Lower life expectancy due to reduced access to healthcare, food and a decent standard of living. High infant and maternal mortality rates due to malnutrition and poorly developed systems
inequality and discrimination
- definition
- impacts on health and wellbeing
- impacts on health status and burden of disease
definition: refers to an uneven distribution of resources. Equality and freedom from discrimination are basic human rights covered in the universal declaration of human rights. Eg, race, religion, sex, gender and sexual orientation
impacts on health and wellbeing: Social - avoidance of social situations due to discrimination can lead to social isolation & exclusion.
Emotional - discrimination due to sexual orientation may lead to some people to feel insecure within themselves and feel they are unable to freely express their opinions.
impacts on health status and burden of disease: Can lead to an increase in violence against minority groups which can lead to an increased incidence of injury. Lower rates of self-assessed health status for people experiencing inequality & discrimination due to their sexual orientation as they may feel as if they are not worthy and that there is something wrong with them.
global distribution and global marketing
- definition
- tobacco
- alcohol
- processed foods
global distribution definition: refers to the process of providing goods and services to people living all across the world
global marketing definition: refers to the processes of advertising goods & services actress the world with the intention of increasing sales
smoking: Smoking rates have dropped in high-income countries due to laws, taxes and regulations. Highest rate of smokers are now found in middle - low income countries who have limited access to healthcare and governments that have not put regulations into place.
Alcohol: Similar to tobacco products, alcohol manufacturers are increasingly marketing their products to people in low & middle income countries, providing them with an additional income. These low and middle income countries are vulnerable to the social consequences of alcohol. Eg, poverty, under-nutrition and violence
processed foods: Increased consumption and availability of processed foods in low & middle income countries and decrease in consumption of grains. More saturated fats, sugar, salt and refined carbohydrates
define Double burden of Disease
Refers to the coexistence of communicable diseases associated with poverty and noncommunicable diseases associated with wealth. Eg, poverty associated with obesity due to lack of funding, medical equipment and medical staff
It is prevalent in low-income countries due to: Less regulation on marketing processed foods and tobacco lower levels of health literacy
define sustainability
sustainability: meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
economic sustainability
- definition
- promotes health and wellbeing
definition: Ensuring that average incomes in all countries are adequate to sustain a decent standard of living and continue to rise in line with inflation and living costs in the future.
promotes health and wellbeing: 1. ensuring that all people can earn a decent income. 2. increasing the capacity of governments to provide services and infrastructure. 3. ensuring children can stay in school rather than being forced into labor
social sustainability
- definition
- promotes health and wellbeing
definition: Creating an equitable society that meets the needs of all citizens and can be maintained indefinitely
promotes health and wellbeing:
1. Working conditions
2. Gender equality
3. Social support systems
4. Peace
5. Political and legal systems
environmental sustainability
- definiton
- promotes health and wellbeing
definition: Ensuring the natural environment is used in a way that will preserve resources into the future.
promotes health and wellbeing:
1. Maintaining Biodiversity
2. Use of natural resources
3. Waste removal and pollution
4. Climate change and management
human development
- definition
- creates an environment that allows people to.. (6)
definition: Relates to creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives according to their needs and interests.
- Develop their full potential
- Lead productive, creative lives in accordance with their needs and interests
- Expand their choices and enhance their capabilities
- Have access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living
- Participate in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives
- Lead a long and healthy life
define human development index
It measures human development. The Human Development Index (HDI) is a tool developed by the United Nations to rank countries on their social and economic development. It is presented as a single statistic which takes into account three dimensions and four indicators.
define life expectancy at birth
An indication of how long a person can expect to live, the number of years of life remaining to a person at birth if death rates do not change
advantages of human development index
- Takes into account more than just average incomes and provides a more comprehensive representation
- It is composite statistics and provides a single statistic relating to 3 and 4 dimensions which makes the comparison easier
- It is effective for analyzing progress that is made by countries overtime
disadvantages of human development index
- It is still only based on the averages and therefore does not provide an indication of the inequalities that exist within countries
- No survey data are collected, therefore people’s feelings about their lives and issues facing communities are not reflected
- Collecting data is complex and the reliability of the data for measuring HD may be compromised due to different definitions and methods used in measuring key components of HDI.
global trends- climate change
Rising sea levels:
People living in coastal areas will lose their villages and farms due to flooding. Relocating themselves can be stressful, increasing anxiety and one’s mental health and wellbeing
Changing weather patterns:
This can lead to increased homelessness due to the inability to live in certain areas because of extreme temperatures resulting in extreme weather events.
global trends- conflict and mass migration
Conflict:
During times of war, low-income countries, healthcare facilities are often deliberately bombed leading to disease, illness or injury, impacting physical health and wellbeing.
Mass migration:
Refugees are forced to live in crowded, unsanitary conditions which can lead to infectious disease outbreaks such as cholera, negatively impacting physical health and wellbeing
global trends- increased world trade and tourism
World trade:
Provides job opportunities for local workers, reducing the stress and pressure associated with unemployment, prompting mental health and wellbeing
Children can be denied access to education do to child labor(social)
Tourism:
Can cause spreading of infectious disease(physical)
Promotes mutual understanding, peace and security by breaking down barriers that may exist between countries, promoting spiritual
global trend- tourism
Can help individual stay connected across the world enabling them to interact with each other more, promoting social health and wellbeing. Individuals are less prone to exercise and keep fit due to technological distractions which can result in the dysfunction of the body and its systems, impacting physical health and wellbeing
