Unit 4 Review Mr. Anderson

Question 1

acquisition

Answer 1

In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

Question 2

B.F. Skinner

Answer 2

Behaviorist that developed the theory of operant conditioning by training pigeons and rats

Question 3

Classical Conditioning

Answer 3

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Question 4

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 4

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response

Question 5

unconditioned response

Answer 5

In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.

Question 6

neutral stimulus

Answer 6

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

Question 7

conditioned stimulus

Answer 7

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

Question 8

conditioned response

Answer 8

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

Question 9

effects of violence in media on children

Answer 9

Children who witness considerable media violence can become desensitized — or less shocked by violence, less sensitive to the pain and suffering of others, and less likely to show empathy for victims of violence. Violent media — and specifically violent video games — desensitize children

Question 10

evaluative conditioning

Answer 10

the process by which we form an attitude toward a neutral stimulus because of its association with a positive or negative person, place, or thing

Question 11

Extinction

Answer 11

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.

Question 12

flashbulb memory

Answer 12

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Question 13

Freud’s view on forgetting

Answer 13

memories are never truly gone; just blocked
through the process of repression

Question 14

Hermann Ebbinghaus and the forgetting curve

Answer 14

the course of forgetting is initially rapid, then levels off with time

Question 15

interference theory

Answer 15

the theory that people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember

Question 16

retroactive interference

Answer 16

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

Question 17

proactive interference

Answer 17

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

Question 18

levels of processing

Answer 18

information that is thought of more deeply becomes more meaningful and thus better committed to memory

Question 19

structural encoding

Answer 19

relatively shallow processing that emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus (ex. how many letters does the word have)

Question 20

Phenomic Encoding

Answer 20

Deeper level of processing but not the deepest (ex. emphasizes what a word sounds like)

Question 21

sematic encoding

Answer 21

Deepest level of processing (ex. encoding of meaning, meaning of words)

Question 22

missinformation effect

Answer 22

when misleading information has corrupted one’s memory of an event

Question 23

Psuedoforgetting

Answer 23

Forgetting information due to lack of attention.
The information was never inserted into the memory code, so you never really learned it.

Question 24

Recognition vs. Recall

Answer 24

Recognition: multiple choice exams; Recall: free response.
You are more likely to do well on recognition

Question 25

rehearsal

Answer 25

the process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it

Question 26

Retrieval

Answer 26

the process of getting information out of memory storage

Question 27

Schema

Answer 27

a conceptual framework a person uses to make sense of the world

Question 28

amnesia

Answer 28

partial or total loss of memory

Question 29

retrograde amnesia

Answer 29

loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma
backwards, or loss of memory for the past

Question 30

anterograde amnesia

Answer 30

an inability to form new memories

Question 31

chunking

Answer 31

Combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that are more easily held in short-term memory.

Question 32

context dependent memory

Answer 32

The theory that information learned in a particular situation or place is better remembered when in that same situation or place.

Question 33

decay

Answer 33

loss of memory due to the passage of time, during which the memory trace is not used

Question 34

dual coding theory

Answer 34

memory is enhanced by using both semantic and visual codes since either can lead to recall
Paivio’s theory that memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes, since either can lead to recall.

Question 35

elaboration in memory

Answer 35

The degree to which information is specified, described, and/or related to other information in memory.

Question 36

Elizabeth Loftus’ work

Answer 36

-video shown with 8 people in it, and when the viewers were asked a question, the number 8 was replaced with 4 or 12 people. eyewitnesses could not properly determine how many people were in the video a week later.
-a father was accused of robbing someone and when in line up, Father Pagano (the only one in a priest collar) was identified by all of the eyewitnesses, but the actual criminal had already confessed and Father P was innocent

Question 37

encoding

Answer 37

the processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.

Question 38

biology of memory

Answer 38

Hippocampus - helps humans process and retrieve two types of memory, declarative memories and spatial relationships
Cerebellum - job to process procedural memories
amygdala - determine what memories to store and it plays a part in determining where the memories are stored based on whether we have a strong or weak emotional response to the event

Question 39

Localized neural circuits in the brain

Answer 39

Memories may create unique, reusable pathways in the brain along which signal flows

Question 40

alterations in synaptic transmission

Answer 40

specific memories depend on biochemical changes that occur at specific synapses

Question 41

state-dependent memory

Answer 41

Long-term memory retrieval is best when a person’s physiological state at the time of encoding and retrieval of the information is the same.

Question 42

higher-order conditioning

Answer 42

in which a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus
Ex:
Phase 1: tone (CS) and meat powder (US) = salivation (CR/UR)
Phase 2: red light (CS) and ton (CS) = salivation (CR)

Question 43

latent learning

Answer 43

learning that is not apparent from the behavior when it first occurs
Ex: student watches a lesson about adding double digit numbers and can later demonstrate the knowledge during an important test