Unit 4 Review Flashcards
Review for quiz 2
Which phylum of bacteria has the largest metabolic diversity and the highest significance in medicine/ agriculture/ industry?
proteobacteria
Describe the metabolic diversity in proteobacteria
I. Aerobic: need oxygen
II. Anaerobic: don’t need oxygen
III. Microaerophilic: need O2, but in lower levels than what’s present in the atmosphere
A. Chemolithotrophs: oxidation of inorganic compounds for energy
B. Chemoorganotrophs: obtains energy from the oxidation of reduced organic compounds
C. Phototrophs: use light as energy
Based on 16S r RNA, Proteobacteria can be divided into 6 classes:
- Alphaproteobacteria
- Betaproteobacteria
- Gammaproteobacteria
- Deltaproteobacteria
- Epsilonproteobacteria
- Zetaproteobacteria
Give 4 examples of alphaproteobacteria
- Phodopseudomonas
- Nitrobacter
These are both rhizobia (plant symbionts) - Rickettsia: obligate intracellular parasite
- Wolbachia: metabolically specialized to use glutamate or glutamine as energy source
Rickettsia rickettsii and Wolbachia pipientis are in which group of proteobacteria? Give some info about each
alphaproteobacteria
Rickettsia rickettsii= commonly called Rocky Mountain spotted fever (intracellular parasite)
Wolbachia pipientis= colonizes insect egg. Metabolically specialized to use glutamate or glutamine as energy source
Neisseriales are __proteobacteria
beta
Neisseriales meningitidis is a ____proteobacteria that causes:
beta
potentially fatal inflammation of the membranes lining the brain
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a __proteobacteria, and is the causative agent of ____
beta
gonorrhea
Methylophilales are __proteobacteria.
beta
Nitrosomonadales are __proteobacteria
beta
__proteobacteria are the largest and most diverse class of proteobacteria
gamma
gammaproteobacteria are well-known ____ and are commonly referred to as “___ bacteria”
pathogens
enteric
T/F
All gammaproteobacteria do fermenation (no oxygen involved): substrate level phosphitylation (SLP)
true
Escherichia coli is a __proteobacteria that has a nutritional role in the intestinal tract (Vitamin K).
- helps oxygen consumption in __ (makes it anoxic)
- has ____ strains that can cause urinary tract infections etc
gamma
gut
pathogenic
Enterobacter aerogenes is a __proteobacteria.
- found in water and _____
- In intestinal tract
- Causes _____ infections
gamma
sewage
urinary
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a ___proteobacteria.
- Found in soils and ____ (occasionally in humans)
- Fixes ___, which is unique in enteric bacteria
gamma
water
N2
Salmonella is a ___proteobacteria
- Is it always pathogenic?
- Causes ____ fever and gastroenteritis
gamma
Yes!
typhoid
Proteus is a ___proteobacteria.
- Has highly __ cells
- Produces the enzyme “_______”
- causes ___ infections
gamma
motile
urease
urinary tract
Shigella dysenteriae is a ___proteobacteria.
- It contains ____
- Invades ____ cells
- Excretes a ___toxin
- Causes acute GIT distress
gamma
endotoxin
epithelial
neuro
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ___proteobacteria
- It’s often found in people who:
- Is it known to be resistant to antibiotics?
gamma
very common in people receiving treatment after burns/ skin issues. Also found in people with cystic fibrosis
- Yes, very resistant to antibiotics. B/c of R plasmid
Vibrio cholerae is the cause of the disease _____ in humans
cholera
Deltaproteobacteria consist of 4 main groups:
- sulfate reducers
- sulfur reducers
- iron reducers
- predator bacteria
List 4 famous deltaproteobacteria
bdellovibrio
myxococcus
desulfovibrio
geobacter
Give 2 famous genera of epsilonproteobacteria
- helicobacter
- campylobacter
T/F
Epsilonproteobacteria can be gram negative, motile, pathogenic, or gram positive
false
All true except gram positive
Campylobacter species are __proteobacteria, and they cause:
epsilon
acute gastroenteritis (bloody diarrhea)
Helicobacter pylori is a ___proteobacteria, and lives in the ___
epsilon
gut
Helicobacter pyloriis a ___proteobacterial pathogen, which causes:
- How does it survive in the acidic gut?
epsilon
both chronic and acute gastritis, leading to the formation of peptic ulcers
Low pH triggers urease enzyme expression. Urease degrades urea to ammonia and CO2 –> ammonia consumes H+ in the bacteria cytoplasm, protecting it from acidification
Mariprofundus
ferrooxydans is a ___proteobacteria.
- It’s a(n) ____-oxidizer
- Is it Microaerophilic or anoxic?
- Give the energy source
zeta
iron
Microaerophilic
Fe2+ energy source, O2 acceptor
What does FAT Bacteria stand for?
Firmicutes actinobacteria tenericutes (FAT)
Firmicutes are ____ _____ Bacteria
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB)
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB)=
gram positive microorganisms known as the main safe industiral-scale producers of lactic acid (LA)
Give 2 famous genera of LAB (lactic acid bacteria)
Lactobacillus
Streptococcus
Lactobacillus delbruecki is what kind of bacteria?
- It’s used in the preparation of _____
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) ie a firmicute
yogurt
Streptococcus thermophilus is what kind of bacteria?
- It’s used in the preparation of _____
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) ie a firmicute
cheese (responsible for acidification)
T/F
Streptococcus thermophilus (yogurt) symbiotically grows with
Lactobacillus delbrueckii (cheese)
true!
Streptococcus pyogenes is a LAB that causes ___ ___
strep throat
Streptococcus viridans is a LAB that causes ___ _____
dental caries
Streptococcus can have
I. Incomplete B-hemolysis
or
II. Complete B-hemolysis
Which group (pyogenes, viridans) belongs to which? Explain what the colonies of each would look like
I. Incomplete B-hemolysis
- pyogenes
- round-shaped colonies with a smooth surface
II. Complete B-hemolysis
- viridans group
- greening agar under colonies
Firmicutes can be __-____ bacteria or ____ bacteria
non-sporulating
sporulating
Give 2 famous genera of firmicutes that are non-sporulating bacteria
- listeria
- staphylococcus
Listeria monocytogenes=
- used as a vector for ____ immunotherapy
a non-sporulating bacteria (firmicute)
cancer
Staphylococcus epidermidis
is a ______.
- Is it pathogenic?
- Where is it found?
Firmicute
non-pathogenic organism
- found on the skin or mucus membranes
Staphylococcus aureus is a firmicute that’s associated with:
pathological conditions like pneumonia, osteomyelitis, meningitis, and arthritis
2 famous endospore-producing genera of firmicutes are
- Bacillus
- clostridium
endospores tend to live in the ____
soil
Bacillus is a sporulating _____
firmicute
Bacillus thuringiensis is a fatal disease in ____
This is a _____ firmicute
insects
sporulating
