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Ap Human Geography > Unit 4: Political Vocabulary List > Flashcards

Unit 4: Political Vocabulary List Flashcards

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1
Q

Antecedent Boundary

A

A boundary that was identified before an area was settled.
Ex: boundary between USA and Canada

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2
Q

ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)

A

A regional intergovernmental organization compromising 10 countries in Southeast Asia to promote intergovernmental cooperation and facilitate economic growth, social progress, and cultural development in the region.
Ex: Vietnam

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3
Q

Autonomous region

A

A subdivision or dependent territory a country that has a degree of self-goverment, or autonomy, in its decision making.
Ex: Tibet (china)

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4
Q

Boundary

A

A clearly demarcated line that marks both of the limits of a territory and divisions between territories; often called a boarder at the global scale.
Ex: North and South Korea boarder

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5
Q

Buffer State

A

A politically and economically weak independent country that lies between the boarders of two powers.
Ex: Poland

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6
Q

Choke point

A

A narrow passage that restricts traffic to another region.
Ex: Bosporus strait

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7
Q

Consequent Boundary

A

A boundary that is drawn to accommodate existing cultural differences.
Ex: US Mexican boarder

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8
Q

Cracking

A

Gerrymandering a voting district by dividing opposition votes into many districts, thus diluting the opposition’s vote to ensure it does not form a majority in any districts.
Ex: Wisconsin

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9
Q

Delimited

A

Describing how boundaries are fixed or defined to identify their limits.
Ex: border between Alaska and Canada

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10
Q

Demarcated

A

Describing how boundaries are set apart to distinguish their limits.
Ex: 38th parallel border between North and South Korea

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11
Q

Demilitarized Zone(DMZ)

A

An area in which treaties or agreements between nations, military powers, or contending groups forbid military installations, activities, or personnel; usually lies along an established frontier or boundary between two or more military powers or alliances.
Ex: on Korea peninsule between North and South Korea.

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12
Q

Devolution

A

The movement of power from the central goverment to regional goverment within the state.
Ex: United Kingdom forming Northern Ireland Assembly

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13
Q

Domestic terrorism

A

Acts by individuals or groups against the citizens or goverment of their own country.
Ex: 1995 Oklahoma City bombing

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14
Q

Economies of scale

A

Cost advantages that can come with a larger scale of operations.
Ex: countries forming a regional trading block → achieve economies of scale

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15
Q

Enclave

A

A territory surrounded by a country but not ruled by it.
Ex: Lesotho → enclave within boarders of South Africa

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16
Q

Electoral College

A

A body of 538 electors in the US, a majority of 270 electoral votes isrequired to elect the president; a States number of electors equals the number of members in its congressional delegation cone for each member in the House of Representatives plus two for its senators).

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17
Q

Equitable infrastructure

A

The construction and improvement of foundational services such as access to energy resources throughout the country.
Ex: access to electricity extremely important to a country’s infrastructure.

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18
Q

Escarpments

A

Abrupt slopes that break up the general continuity of the terrain.

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19
Q

Ethnonationalism

A

A form of nationalism in which the nation is defined in terms of ethnic identity.
Ex: January 1,1993 former Czechoslovakia

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20
Q

European Union (EU)

A

A political, economic, and social union of 28 independent European countries that promotes the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital among it’s members.

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21
Q

Exclave

A

part of a national territory separated from the main body of the country to which it belongs.
Ex: Kaliningrad (Russias Baltic Seaport).

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22
Q

Exclusive economic zone (EEZ)

A

Zone that extends 200 nautical miles from shoreline in which coastal states have the sole right to exploit, develop, manage, and conserve all water resources lying beyond the land.

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23
Q

Failed state

A

A state whose political or economic system has become weak that the government is no longer in control.
Ex: Venezuela

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24
Q

Federal State

A

An independent country that disperses significant authority among subnational units.
Ex: Australia

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25
Q

Frontier

A

A region at the margins of state control and settlement.

26
Q

Geometric boundary

A

A boundary that has regular, of ten perfectly straight, lines drawn without regard for an area’s physical or cultural features.
Ex: the U.S-Canada border west of the Lake of woods, Minnesota

27
Q

Gerrymandering

A

The manipulation of voting district boundaries to favor a particular political party, group, or election.
Ex: Gill V Whitford

28
Q

Independent state

A

A state that rules itself and is not subject to the authority of another state.
Ex: Mexico

29
Q

International terriorism

A

Terrorism that transcends national boundaries and is intended to intimidate people in other countries.
Ex: September 11,2001

30
Q

Irredentism

A

The political claim to territory in another country based on ethnic and historic boarders.
Ex: in 2014, Russia seized the Crimean peninsula.

31
Q

Median line principle

A

An approach to dividing and creating boundaries at the midpoint between two places.
Ex: Cuba and the US have to share water because they’re 90 miles from each other.

32
Q

Multinational state

A

A country containing multiple national, ethnic, and religious groups within its boundaries.
Ex: South Africa

33
Q

Multistate nation

A

Ethnic groups territorially divided by one or more international boundaries.
Ex: the Kurds

34
Q

Nation

A

A Community of people bound to a homeland and processing a common identity based on shared cultural traits such as language, ethnicity, and religion.
Ex: Navajo nation

35
Q

Nationalism

A

Sense of belonging to and self-identifying with a national culture.
Ex: “build that wall”

36
Q

Nation-state

A

The ideal political geographic unit; one in which the nation’s geographic boundaries (a people and its culture) exactly match the state’s territorial boundaries (governance and authority.)
Ex: Japan

37
Q

Neocolonialism

A

The l set of economic and political strategies by which wealthy and powerful countries indirectly maintain or extend their influence over less wealthy areas.
Ex: ”now that we destroyed your country, you can pay us to rebuild it, we accept natural resources.”

38
Q

NAFTA/USMCA

A

A 1994 trade agreement between Canada,the US, and Mexico; revised as the United States - Mexico- Canada agreement in 2020.

39
Q

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

A

An integovermental military alliance among29 North American and European countries with the purpose of guaranteeing the freedom and security of its members.

40
Q

Packing

A

Gerrymandering a voting district by concentrating all of the opposition party into one district, there by creating a large majority of that party in the district while ensuring that it cannot win any election.
Ex: Louisiana

41
Q

Reapportionment

A

The process by which the 435 seats in the US House of Representatives are divided proportionately by population among the 50 states following every US census.
Ex: 2010 census, lost population 2000-2010

42
Q

Redistricting

A

The process of drawing new boundaries for US congressional districts to reflect the population changes since theprevious US census.
Ex: Uniform Congressional District, Act 1967

43
Q

Regional trading bloc

A

A multi-country agreement that reduces o eliminates taxes to promote the free flow of goods and services across international borders.
Ex: NAFTA

44
Q

Relic boundary

A

A foundry that no longer functions as an international, boarder.
Ex: Hadrian’s wall

45
Q

Satellite state

A

A normal independent country that ispullitically, militarily, and economically controlled by a more powerful state.
Ex: Russia, until 18th century

46
Q

Self-determination

A

A nation’s ability to determine its own statehood and form its own allegiance and Goverment; the freedom of culturally distinct groups to govern themselves in their own territory and form their own states.
Ex: Latin America

47
Q

Semi Autonomous region

A

A subdivision or dependent territory of a country that has some degree of, but not complete, self-goverment.
Ex: Catalonia, Spain

48
Q

Shatterbelt

A

Region of continuing and persistent fragmentation due to devolution and centrifugal forces.
Ex: The Balkans region of southeastern Europe

49
Q

Sovereign state

A

A state that possesses the sole authority over the land and people within its boundaries.
Ex: Belgium

50
Q

State or country

A

An independent political unit with a centralized authority that makes claim to sole legal, political, and economic jurisdiction over a region with defined boundaries.
Ex: USA

51
Q

Stateless nation

A

An ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state and is not the majority population in any nation-state.
Ex: The Kurds

52
Q

Strait

A

A narrow body of water connecting two larger bodies of water.
Ex: Strait of Messina

53
Q

Subsequent boundary

A

A political boundary that developed with the cultural landscape.
Ex: The Green Line (Israel-Palestine)

54
Q

Superimposed boundary

A

A boundary that is placed on an area without regard to existing boundaries.
Ex: The 49th Parallel US-Canada Border

55
Q

Supernational organization

A

International political body that nation-states establish in cooperation with their neighbors for mutual political, military, economic, or cultural gain.
Ex: The World Bank

56
Q

Supernationalism

A

Occurs when a collection of nation-state and their citizens relinquish some sovereign rights to a larger-scale body that exercises authority over its member states.
Ex: the World Trade Organization (WTO)

57
Q

Terrorism

A

The calculated use of violent acts against civilians and symbolic targets to publicize a cause, intimidates or coerce a civilian population, or affect the conduct of government.
Ex: The Munich Olympics, 1972

58
Q

Unitary State

A

An independent state that concentrates power in the central goverment and grants little or no authority to its subnational units.
Ex: the Republic of France

59
Q

United Nations (U.N)

A

International organization that is responsible for maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations, achieving international cooperation, and harmonizing the actions of nations.

60
Q

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas (UNCLOS)

A

Conference organized to define territorial boundaries and rights to the sea.

61
Q

Voting district

A

A territorial division for casting votes in public elections; generally, only those who live in the voting district are permitted to cast their votes there.

Ap Human Geography (1 decks)

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