Unit 4 Outcome 1 Chapter 7 Flashcards
Dealing With Disease
Antigen
A marker, telling the body what is foreign, triggers immune responses.
Pathogen
What causes harm, causes disease.
Immune
Things don’t affect you.
Self Antigen
Are markers located on the surface of the cells, marking them as ‘self’ so the immune system doesn’t attack them. Eg. MHC I and MHC II markers.
Non-Self Antigen
Is foreign, when recognised the immune system is activated and tries to eliminate it. Eg. bacterium/ pathogen.
MHC I Marker
Expressed on all cells in the human body that have a nucleus except those with one (eg. red blood cells).
MHC II Marker
Only found on specialised cells of the immune system.
Cellular Pathogen
Have a cellular structure and are living organisms. Eg. bacteria, fungi, worms, protozoa and parasites.
Non-Cellular Pathogen
Are not living and don’t have cellular structure. Eg. viruses and prions.
Allergen
A non-pathogenic antigen that triggers an allergic reaction.
Leukocytes
Responsible for protecting the body against pathogens, also known as white blood cells.
Phagocyte
A group of leukocytes responsible for the endocytosis (engulfing) and destruction of pathogens, foreign material, and cell debris. Neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells.
Phagocytosis
Engulfing/digesting pathogens and destroy pathogens. (Eg. Neutrophils, Macrophages, Dendritic cell).
Natural Killer Cells.
A type of leukocyte responsible for the recognition and destruction of damaged and/or infected host cells. Target infected cells.
Mast Cells
Responsible for releasing histamine during allergic and inflammatory responses. They detect injury to surrounding cells or are stimulated by antigens or allergens and become activated, and release histamine.
Histamine
A molecule released by mast cells that play key roles in inflammation.
Interferon
A type of cytokine released by virally infected cells that interact with receptors on neighbouring uninfected cells to cause them to undergo changes to prevent the virus spreading between cells.
Antigen Presentation
Occurs in the lymph node.
Complete Proteins
A number of different types of proteins found in the blood that opsonise, cause lysis and attract phagocytes to invading pathogens. They form together to make a complement system. If certain pathogens are present, the complement proteins interact with each other causing a complement cascade leading to three major outcomes (opsonisation, chemotaxis, lysis).
