Unit 4 Outcome 1 Chapter 7

Question 1

Antigen

Answer 1

A marker, telling the body what is foreign, triggers immune responses.

Question 2

Pathogen

Answer 2

What causes harm, causes disease.

Question 3

Immune

Answer 3

Things don’t affect you.

Question 4

Self Antigen

Answer 4

Are markers located on the surface of the cells, marking them as ‘self’ so the immune system doesn’t attack them. Eg. MHC I and MHC II markers.

Question 5

Non-Self Antigen

Answer 5

Is foreign, when recognised the immune system is activated and tries to eliminate it. Eg. bacterium/ pathogen.

Question 6

MHC I Marker

Answer 6

Expressed on all cells in the human body that have a nucleus except those with one (eg. red blood cells).

Question 7

MHC II Marker

Answer 7

Only found on specialised cells of the immune system.

Question 8

Cellular Pathogen

Answer 8

Have a cellular structure and are living organisms. Eg. bacteria, fungi, worms, protozoa and parasites.

Question 9

Non-Cellular Pathogen

Answer 9

Are not living and don’t have cellular structure. Eg. viruses and prions.

Question 10

Allergen

Answer 10

A non-pathogenic antigen that triggers an allergic reaction.

Question 11

Leukocytes

Answer 11

Responsible for protecting the body against pathogens, also known as white blood cells.

Question 12

Phagocyte

Answer 12

A group of leukocytes responsible for the endocytosis (engulfing) and destruction of pathogens, foreign material, and cell debris. Neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells.

Question 13

Phagocytosis

Answer 13

Engulfing/digesting pathogens and destroy pathogens. (Eg. Neutrophils, Macrophages, Dendritic cell).

Question 14

Natural Killer Cells.

Answer 14

A type of leukocyte responsible for the recognition and destruction of damaged and/or infected host cells. Target infected cells.

Question 15

Mast Cells

Answer 15

Responsible for releasing histamine during allergic and inflammatory responses. They detect injury to surrounding cells or are stimulated by antigens or allergens and become activated, and release histamine.

Question 16

Histamine

Answer 16

A molecule released by mast cells that play key roles in inflammation.

Question 17

Interferon

Answer 17

A type of cytokine released by virally infected cells that interact with receptors on neighbouring uninfected cells to cause them to undergo changes to prevent the virus spreading between cells.

Question 18

Antigen Presentation

Answer 18

Occurs in the lymph node.

Question 19

Complete Proteins

Answer 19

A number of different types of proteins found in the blood that opsonise, cause lysis and attract phagocytes to invading pathogens. They form together to make a complement system. If certain pathogens are present, the complement proteins interact with each other causing a complement cascade leading to three major outcomes (opsonisation, chemotaxis, lysis).