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Neurobio > unit 4 - lecture 1 > Flashcards

unit 4 - lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

learning

A

the acquisition of an altered behavior response to due to an environmental stimulus - a useful definition but not perfect

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2
Q

why is learning highly adaptive

A

because our environment is constantly changing

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3
Q

aversive learning

A

learning to avoid things that have led to bad outcomes

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4
Q

appetitive learning

A

new rewards are learned - motivation for behavior

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5
Q

memory

A

the process through which learned info is stored

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6
Q

recall

A

the conscious/unconscious retrieval process thru which this altered behavior is manifest

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7
Q

declarative/explicit

A

knowledge of facts and events

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8
Q

what brain region underlies declarative learning/memories

A

hippocampus (MTL)

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9
Q

nondeclarative/implicit

A

motor learning, basic associative learning, nonassociative

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10
Q

what brain region underlies motor learning

A

motor cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum

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11
Q

what brain region underlies basic associative learning

A

amygdala

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12
Q

what brain region underlies nonassociative learning

A

reflex pathways

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13
Q

multiple memory system

A

different anatomical structures/circuits in brain underlying different types of learning/memories

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14
Q

memory timeline

A

stimuli –> sensory memory - attention -> working memory -encode-> long term
long term memory -retrieve-> working memory

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15
Q

consolidation

A

transition from STM to LTM

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16
Q

sensory memory

A

STM; transient storage of freshly perceived sensory info

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17
Q

sensory register

A

first stage of processing new info into a memory

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18
Q

echoic memory

A

sensory memory - audio information

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19
Q

ionic memory

A

sensory memory - visual information

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20
Q

with STM distraction leads to

A

forgetting

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21
Q

with STM rehearsal leads to

A

encoding

22
Q

working memory

A

short term memory that is actively being manipulated/processed (ex: phonological loop)

23
Q

neural substrate of working memory

A

prefrontal cortex is implicated in working memory via lesions, pharmacologic, etc.

24
Q

in fMRI studies

A

lateral and medial prefrontal subdivisions light up a lot

25
Q

engram

A

the fundamental unit of info storage

26
Q

STM needs

A

persistent firing of neurons within the prefrontal cortex and other areas in CNS

27
Q

STM is dependent upon

A

repetitively firing neural circuits actively encoding and “holding info”

28
Q

LTM is dependent upon

A

long term molecular, cellular, and structural changes in synapse

29
Q

possibilities for long term molecular and cellular and structural changes in synapse and what it results in

A

increase number of receptors on post-synaptic neuron; add more GLUT; less GLUT reuptake; add more connections to synapse

results in large EPSP and an AP is then more likely to happen

30
Q

unconscious/non-associative/simple learning

A

habituation, dishabituation, sensitization
distinction can be ambiguous

31
Q

habituation

A

responding to a repetitive stim decrease over time

32
Q

dishabituation

A

presentation of new stimulus returns the responsiveness to initial stimuli to baseline

33
Q

sensitization

A

presentation of a new stimulus that induces a response ABOVE normal baseline

34
Q

presynaptic mechanism underlying habituation of gill withdrawal reflex - monosynaptic depression

A

example of non-associative learning

touch siphon more = retract gill less BECAUSE reduced NT release -> reduced activation of motor neuron -> reduced gill withdrawal

35
Q

motor learning

A

walking, instrument playing, skills and habits

36
Q

associative learning

A

pavlovian learning, fear conditioning, operant conditioning

37
Q

pavlovian learning

A

/classical conditioning; forming an association between 2 stimuli

38
Q

pavlovian learning ‘map’

A

have unconditioned stim (US - food) and unconditioned response (UR - drooling) and neutral stim (bell)
US and NS are put together to induce UR resulting in conditioned stim (CS - bell) and conditioned response (CR - drooling)

39
Q

fear conditioning

A

tone with pain (shock) –> freezing so tone -> freezing

40
Q

synaptic plasticity

A

“cells that fire together, wire together”

41
Q

synaptic plasticity with technical terms

A

any 2 cells/system of cells that are repeatedly active at the same time will tend to become ‘associated’ so activity in one facilitates activity in the other

42
Q

operant conditioning

A

a behavior is associated with a particular outcome, making behavior more/less likely to occur - punishment or reinforcement

43
Q

declarative/explicit memory

A

memory of facts and events - conscious learning and recall

44
Q

HM

A

neurosurgery removed much of medial temporal lobe (MTL) - hippocampus, etc

45
Q

hippocampus receives

A

rich sensory info from different regions

46
Q

what could HM NOT DO

A

learn new facts/event

47
Q

the fact that he couldn’t learn new facts/events shows that…

A

MTL required for consolidation - declaractive

48
Q

what could HM do with facts/events

A

remember those preceding surgery

49
Q

the fact that he could remember facts and events preceding surgery shows that…

A

MTL is not final storage location for LTM

50
Q

what could HM do with skills/habits

A

he could learn new skills and habits

51
Q

the fact that he could learn new skills and habits shows that…

A

MTL is not required for motor learning

Neurobio (6 decks)

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