unit 4 - lecture 1

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

the acquisition of an altered behavior response to due to an environmental stimulus - a useful definition but not perfect

Question 2

why is learning highly adaptive

Answer 2

because our environment is constantly changing

Question 3

aversive learning

Answer 3

learning to avoid things that have led to bad outcomes

Question 4

appetitive learning

Answer 4

new rewards are learned - motivation for behavior

Question 5

memory

Answer 5

the process through which learned info is stored

Question 6

recall

Answer 6

the conscious/unconscious retrieval process thru which this altered behavior is manifest

Question 7

declarative/explicit

Answer 7

knowledge of facts and events

Question 8

what brain region underlies declarative learning/memories

Answer 8

hippocampus (MTL)

Question 9

nondeclarative/implicit

Answer 9

motor learning, basic associative learning, nonassociative

Question 10

what brain region underlies motor learning

Answer 10

motor cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum

Question 11

what brain region underlies basic associative learning

Answer 11

amygdala

Question 12

what brain region underlies nonassociative learning

Answer 12

reflex pathways

Question 13

multiple memory system

Answer 13

different anatomical structures/circuits in brain underlying different types of learning/memories

Question 14

memory timeline

Answer 14

stimuli –> sensory memory - attention -> working memory -encode-> long term
long term memory -retrieve-> working memory

Question 15

consolidation

Answer 15

transition from STM to LTM

Question 16

sensory memory

Answer 16

STM; transient storage of freshly perceived sensory info

Question 17

sensory register

Answer 17

first stage of processing new info into a memory

Question 18

echoic memory

Answer 18

sensory memory - audio information

Question 19

ionic memory

Answer 19

sensory memory - visual information

Question 20

with STM distraction leads to

Answer 20

forgetting

Question 21

with STM rehearsal leads to

Answer 21

encoding

Question 22

working memory

Answer 22

short term memory that is actively being manipulated/processed (ex: phonological loop)

Question 23

neural substrate of working memory

Answer 23

prefrontal cortex is implicated in working memory via lesions, pharmacologic, etc.

Question 24

in fMRI studies

Answer 24

lateral and medial prefrontal subdivisions light up a lot

Question 25

engram

Answer 25

the fundamental unit of info storage

Question 26

STM needs

Answer 26

persistent firing of neurons within the prefrontal cortex and other areas in CNS

Question 27

STM is dependent upon

Answer 27

repetitively firing neural circuits actively encoding and "holding info"

Question 28

LTM is dependent upon

Answer 28

long term molecular, cellular, and structural changes in synapse

Question 29

possibilities for long term molecular and cellular and structural changes in synapse and what it results in

Answer 29

increase number of receptors on post-synaptic neuron; add more GLUT; less GLUT reuptake; add more connections to synapse results in large EPSP and an AP is then more likely to happen

Question 30

unconscious/non-associative/simple learning

Answer 30

habituation, dishabituation, sensitization distinction can be ambiguous

Question 31

habituation

Answer 31

responding to a repetitive stim decrease over time

Question 32

dishabituation

Answer 32

presentation of new stimulus returns the responsiveness to initial stimuli to baseline

Question 33

sensitization

Answer 33

presentation of a new stimulus that induces a response ABOVE normal baseline

Question 34

presynaptic mechanism underlying habituation of gill withdrawal reflex - monosynaptic depression

Answer 34

example of non-associative learning touch siphon more = retract gill less BECAUSE reduced NT release -> reduced activation of motor neuron -> reduced gill withdrawal

Question 35

motor learning

Answer 35

walking, instrument playing, skills and habits

Question 36

associative learning

Answer 36

pavlovian learning, fear conditioning, operant conditioning

Question 37

pavlovian learning

Answer 37

/classical conditioning; forming an association between 2 stimuli

Question 38

pavlovian learning 'map'

Answer 38

have unconditioned stim (US - food) and unconditioned response (UR - drooling) and neutral stim (bell) US and NS are put together to induce UR resulting in conditioned stim (CS - bell) and conditioned response (CR - drooling)

Question 39

fear conditioning

Answer 39

tone with pain (shock) --> freezing so tone -> freezing

Question 40

synaptic plasticity

Answer 40

"cells that fire together, wire together"

Question 41

synaptic plasticity with technical terms

Answer 41

any 2 cells/system of cells that are repeatedly active at the same time will tend to become 'associated' so activity in one facilitates activity in the other

Question 42

operant conditioning

Answer 42

a behavior is associated with a particular outcome, making behavior more/less likely to occur - punishment or reinforcement

Question 43

declarative/explicit memory

Answer 43

memory of facts and events - conscious learning and recall

Question 44

HM

Answer 44

neurosurgery removed much of medial temporal lobe (MTL) - hippocampus, etc

Question 45

hippocampus receives

Answer 45

rich sensory info from different regions

Question 46

what could HM NOT DO

Answer 46

learn new facts/event

Question 47

the fact that he couldn't learn new facts/events shows that...

Answer 47

MTL required for consolidation - declaractive

Question 48

what could HM do with facts/events

Answer 48

remember those preceding surgery

Question 49

the fact that he could remember facts and events preceding surgery shows that...

Answer 49

MTL is not final storage location for LTM

Question 50

what could HM do with skills/habits

Answer 50

he could learn new skills and habits

Question 51

the fact that he could learn new skills and habits shows that...

Answer 51

MTL is not required for motor learning