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BIOL 329 Cumulative > Unit 4: HW 12 on Metabolism > Flashcards

Unit 4: HW 12 on Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Most of the energy released by oxidizing glucose is saved in the high-energy bonds of what molecules?

Choose one:
	A. GDP and other activated carriers
	B. O2
	C. ADP and other activated carriers
	D. H2O and CO2
	E. ATP and other activated carriers
A

E. ATP and other activated carriers

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2
Q

Useful energy is obtained by cells when sugars derived from food are broken down by which processes?

Choose one:
A. gluconeogenesis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation
B. glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation
C. gluconeogenesis, fermentation, and oxidative phosphorylation
D. glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and gluconeogenesis
E. glycolysis, the Calvin cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

A

B. glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

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3
Q

Where does the oxidative (oxygen-dependent) stage of the breakdown of food molecules occur in a eukaryotic cell?

Choose one:
	A. mitochondrion
	B. Golgi apparatus
	C. cytosol
	D. endoplasmic reticulum
A

A. mitochondrion

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4
Q

Which of the following processes generates the largest number of ATP molecules?

Choose one:
	A. citric acid cycle
	B. gluconeogenesis
	C. glycolysis
	D. electron transport chain
	E. fermentation
A

D. electron transport chain

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5
Q

Under anaerobic conditions, which metabolic pathway regenerates the supply of NAD+ needed for glycolysis?

Choose one:
	A. citric acid cycle
	B. formation of acetyl CoA
	C. breakdown of amino acids
	D. breakdown of fats
	E. fermentation
A

E. fermentation

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6
Q

Although the citric acid cycle itself does not use O2, it requires a functioning electron transport chain (which uses O2) in order to regenerate which molecule for further use in the citric acid cycle?

Choose one:
	A. NAD+
	B. NADH
	C. FADH2
	D. ATP
	E. ADP
A

A. NAD+

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7
Q

The NADH generated during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle feeds its high-energy electrons to which of the following?

Choose one:
	A. ADP
	B. H2O
	C. the citric acid cycle
	D. the electron transport chain
	E. FAD
A

D. electron transport chain

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8
Q

In eukaryotic cells, what is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

Choose one:
	A. CO2
	B. O2
	C. FADH2
	D. ATP
	E. NAD+
A

B. O2

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9
Q

In the electron transport chain, the oxygen atoms in O2 become part of which of the following molecules?

Choose one:
	A. CO2
	B. NADH
	C. H2O
	D. ATP
	E. glucose (C6H12O6)
A

C. H2O

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10
Q

Which two-carbon molecule enters the citric acid cycle?

Choose one:
	A. acetyl CoA
	B. oxaloacetate
	C. pyruvate
	D. carbon dioxide
	E. citrate
A

A. acetyl CoA

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11
Q

What occurs in the first step of the citric acid cycle?

Choose one:
A. A two-carbon molecule is combined with a four-carbon molecule to form citrate.
B. CO2 is released.
C. Two molecules of acetyl CoA combine to form oxaloacetate.
D. ATP is consumed.
E. NADH is produced.

A

A. A two-carbon molecule is combined with a four-carbon molecule to form citrate.

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12
Q

Question 12: CO2 is released in which steps of the citric acid cycle, as shown below?

A 
Choose one:
	STEP 3 AND 4
	Steps 2 and 4
	Steps 2, 3, and 4
	Steps 1 and 8
	Steps 1 and 5
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13
Q

The ethanol in wine and beer is produced from metabolic reactions carried out by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Since it is of great commercial value, researchers have studied factors that influence ethanol production. To maximize ethanol yield, which environmental factor should be limiting?

Choose one:
A.  	oxygen
B.  	sunlight
C.  	carbon dioxide
D.  	glucose
A

A. oxygen

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14
Q

How do enzymes maximize the energy harvested from the oxidation of food molecules?

Choose one:
A. They allow a larger amount of energy to be released from food molecules such as glucose.
B. They guarantee that each reaction involved in the oxidation of food molecules proceeds in just one direction.
C. They allow oxidation reactions to take place without an input of activation energy.
D. They allow what would otherwise be an energetically unfavorable oxidation reaction to occur.
E. They allow the stepwise oxidation of food molecules, which releases energy in small amounts.

A

E. They allow the stepwise oxidation of food molecules, which releases energy in small amounts.

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15
Q

What happens to the energy captured during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle by the activated carriers NADH and FADH2.

Choose one:
A. It is passed to an electron transport chain that uses it to produce oxygen.
B. It is passed to ADP to form ATP.
C. It is passed to an electron transport chain that uses it to generate a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
D. It is used to drive biosynthetic reactions.
E. It is passed to an electron transport chain that uses it to oxidize food molecules.

A

C. It is passed to an electron transport chain that uses it to generate a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

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16
Q

What does the term “gluconeogenesis” refer to?

Choose one:
A. the transport of glucose across a cell membrane
B. the breakdown of glucose during glycolysis
C. the synthesis of glucose from small organic molecules such as pyruvate
D. the release of glucose from molecules such as glycogen
E. the breakdown of glucose during fermentation

A

C. the synthesis of glucose from small organic molecules such as pyruvate

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17
Q

When food is plentiful, animals can store glucose as what?

Choose one:
	A. glycogen
	B. acetyl CoA
	C. glucose 6-phosphate
	D. starch
	E. glycogen or starch
A

A. glycogen

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18
Q

When nutrients are plentiful, plants can store glucose as what?

Choose one:
	A. starch
	B. glucose 6-phosphate
	C. fats
	D. glycogen
	E. glycogen and starch
A

A. starch

19
Q

In what form do plant and animal cells store fat?

Choose one:
	A. triacylglycerol
	B. starch
	C. glycogen
	D. phospholipids
	E. nitroglycerin
A

A. triacylglycerol

20
Q

You are packing for a hiking trip during which you’ll be burning a lot of calories with physical activity. You want to pack as efficiently as possible since you need to carry a tent and all your food. You can get the most calories out of 5kg of food if it is in the form of __________.

A

fat

21
Q

Which of the following describes a breakdown process in which enzymes degrade complex molecules into simpler ones?

Choose one:
	A. anabolism
	B. metabolism
	C. catabolism
	D. Enzymes are not needed to break down complex molecules into simpler ones.
A

C. catabolism

22
Q

In which of the following locations are polymeric food molecules digested into their monomeric subunits?

Choose one or more:
the cell cytosol
lysosomes
extracellular space

A

lysosomes

extracellular space

23
Q

What are the end products of glycolysis?

Choose one or more:
	NADPH
	ADP
	acetyl CoA
	NADH
	H2O + CO2
	ATP
	pyruvate
A

NADH
ATP
pyruvate

24
Q

How many ATP molecules must be invested during the first part of glycolysis for each molecule of glucose broken down?

Choose one:
	four
	30
	It depends on whether oxygen is present.
	one
	two
	none
A

two

25
Q

From one glucose molecule, how much net energy (in the form of ATP and NADH) is produced during glycolysis?

Choose one:
	A. 2 ATP, 2 NADH
	B. 4 ATP, 4 NADH
	C. 2 ATP, 4 NADH
	D. 4 ATP, 2 NADH
A

A. 2 ATP, 2 NADH

26
Q

The synthesis of ATP in glycolysis occurs by which process?

Choose one:
	oxidative phosphorylation
	a transfer of electrons from NADH
	substrate-level phosphorylation
	substrate-level dephosphorylation
	a transfer of phosphate from AMP
A

substrate-level phosphorylation

27
Q

For many anaerobic microorganisms, which metabolic pathway is the principal source of ATP?

Choose one:
	A. citric acid cycle
	B. Calvin cycle
	C. gluconeogenesis
	D. glycolysis
	E. oxidative phosphorylation
A

D. glycolysis

28
Q

What type of enzyme catalyzes the rearrangement of chemical bonds within a single molecule?

Choose one:
	A. isomerase
	B. dehydrogenase
	C. kinase
	D. scramblase
A

A. isomerase

29
Q

What type of enzyme catalyzes the shifting of a chemical group from one position in a molecule to another?

Choose one:
	A. dehydrogenase
	B. flippase
	C. mucinase
	D. mutase
	E. kinase
A

D. mutase

30
Q

Which of these glycolytic reactions is catalyzed by a kinase?

Choose one or more:
dihydroxyacetone phosphate → glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
3-phosphoglycerate → 2-phosphoglycerate
glucose 6-phosphate → fructose 6-phosphate
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate → 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate → 3-phosphoglycerate
glucose → glucose 6-phosphate
fructose 6-phosphate → fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

A

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate → 3-phosphoglycerate
glucose → glucose 6-phosphate
fructose 6-phosphate → fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

31
Q

Which reaction releases the most energy?

Choose one:
A. hydrolysis of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate
B. hydrolysis of glucose 6-phosphate to glucose
C. hydrolysis of ATP to ADP
D. transfer of phosphate group from ATP to glucose
E. hydrolysis of ADP to AMP

A

A. hydrolysis of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate

32
Q

The citric acid cycle converts the carbon atoms in acetyl CoA to which of the following?

Choose one:
	A. pyruvate
	B. citrate
	C. oxaloacetate
	D. CO2
	E. glucose
A

D. CO2

33
Q

When fatty acids are oxidized to produce acetyl CoA, each cycle of the reaction removes how many carbon atoms from the fatty acid molecule?

Choose one:
A. 1
B. It depends on whether the initial fatty acid has an even or an odd number of carbons.
C. Fatty acids are not oxidized to produce acetyl CoA.
D. 2
E. 3

A

D. 2

34
Q

About how many molecules of ATP are produced by the complete oxidation of glucose to H2O and CO2?

Choose one:
	A. 2 ATPs from glycolysis + 1 GTP from the citric acid cycle
	B. 3
	C. 30
	D. 4
	E. 2
A

C. 30

35
Q

Determine whether the following statement is true or false: The oxygen consumed during the oxidation of glucose in animal cells is returned to the atmosphere as CO2.

Choose one:
false
true

A

false

36
Q

The oxygen atoms required for the citric acid cycle to produce CO2 ultimately are derived from which of the following?

Choose one:
	A. molecular oxygen
	B. water
	C. the mitochondrial membrane
	D. glucose
	E. oxaloacetate
A

B. water

37
Q
  1. In step 6 of glycolysis, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, which has one phosphate group, is converted into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, which has two. Where does the extra phosphate group come from?
Choose one:
	A. ATP
	B. ADP
	C. inorganic phosphate
	D. NADPH
	E. fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
A

C. inorganic phosphate

38
Q

In plant cells, where does the citric acid cycle take place?

Choose one:
	A. cytosol
	B. mitochondria
	C. chloroplasts and mitochondria
	D. chloroplasts
	E. The citric acid cycle does not occur in plant cells.
A

B. mitochondria

39
Q

During the citric acid cycle, what happens to the acetyl group in acetyl CoA?

Choose one:
	A. It is vaporized to produce CO2.
	B. It is oxidized to produce CO2.
	C. It is eliminated to produce CO2.
	D. It is reduced to produce CO2.
	E. It is hydrolyzed to produce CO2.
A

B. It is oxidized to produce CO2.

40
Q

For each acetyl group that enters the citric acid cycle, what activated carriers are produced?

Choose one:
	A. three NADPH, one FADH2, one GTP
	B. three NADH, one FAD, one GTP
	C. three NADH, one FADH2, one GTP
	D. three NADH, two FADH2, one GTP
	E. three NADH, one FADH2, one ATP
A

C. three NADH, one FADH2, one GTP

41
Q

What does the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex do?

Choose one:
A. It completes the oxidation of pyruvate to CO2 in the mitochondrial matrix.
B. It produces pyruvate in the cytosol.
C. It converts pyruvate into acetyl CoA in the mitochondrial matrix.
D. It regenerates NAD+ in the mitochondrial matrix.
E. It converts pyruvate into acetyl CoA in the cytosol.

A

C. It converts pyruvate into acetyl CoA in the mitochondrial matrix.

42
Q

In humans and other mammals, gluconeogenesis is most likely to occur in which type of cells?

Choose one:
	A. red blood cells
	B. pancreatic cells
	C. liver cells
	D. nerve cells
	E. muscle cells
A

C. liver cells

43
Q

Which statement is true of glycogen phosphorylase?

Choose one:
A. It is inhibited by glucose 6-phosphate and by ATP.
B. It is activated by glucose 6-phosphate, but inhibited by ATP.
C. It is inhibited by glucose 6-phosphate, but activated by ATP.
D. It is activated by glucose 6-phosphate and by ATP.
E. It stimulates gluconeogenesis.

A

A. It is inhibited by glucose 6-phosphate and by ATP.

44
Q

Question 44: Below is a table listing the reactions that constitute the 10 steps of glycolysis, along with the change in free energy (ΔG°) for each step. Based on the data, which steps in glycolysis are effectively irreversible?

A 
Choose one:
	Steps 6 and 7
	Step 1
	Steps 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 10
	Steps 5, 7, 8, and 9
	Steps 1, 3, 7, and 10
	STEPS 1, 3, and 10

BIOL 329 Cumulative (24 decks)

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