Unit 4: Higher Cortical Functions

Question 1

Primary Somatosensory Cortex (location and function)

Answer 1

postcentral gyrus, areas 3,1,2 contralateral sensation

Question 2

Primary Motor Cortex (location and function)

Answer 2

precentral gyrus, area 4 contralateral motor

Question 3

Primary Visual Cortex (location and function)

Answer 3

cuneus and lingual gyri, area 17 vision

Question 4

Primary auditory cortex(location and function)

Answer 4

transverse gyri of herscll , area 41 and 42 processes auditory information

Question 5

Broca’s area (location and function)

Answer 5

part of inferior frontal gyrus, area 44, 45, Left dominant motor area of speech

Question 6

Premotor cortex (location and function)

Answer 6

part of frontal cortex, area 6 motor

Question 7

supramarginal gyrus (location and function)

Answer 7

parietal lobe, area 40 stereognosis (mainly L hemi) = ability to perceive and recognize the form of an object with tactile sense only

Question 8

angular gyrus (location and function)

Answer 8

parietal lobe, area 39 complex language functions (i.e. reading, writing and interpretation of what is written) , spatial understanding

Question 9

Suprachiasmic nucleus

Answer 9

circadian rhythm regulation lesion/Alz dx/shift work –> insomnia

Question 10

secondary visual cortex, V3, V4, etc (location and function)

Answer 10

association cortical area of occipital lobe

Question 11

Wernicke’s area

Answer 11

assoc. cortex of temporal lobe, area 22 (post part of sup temporal gyrus) language comprehension (L dominant)

Question 12

Lateral hypothalamic area

Answer 12

induces feeding lesion –> anorexia, starvation

Question 13

Tuberomammilary Nucleus

Answer 13

attention, arousal, inhibit sleeping

Question 14

Anterior nucleus

Answer 14

Thermoregulatory: senses heat, dissipates heat to regulate cooling Lesion/pyrogens –> hyperthermia

Question 15

Posterior nucleus

Answer 15

thermoregulatory: senses cold temps lesion –> inability to thermoregulate

Question 16

Supraoptic nucleus

Answer 16

regulates synthesis of vasopressin and oxytocin

Question 17

Ventromedial nucleus

Answer 17

satiety Lesion –> obesity and *savage/aggression

Question 18

Arcuate nucleus

Answer 18

regulates releases of hormones from anterior pituitary; regulates feeding

Question 19

Medial preoptic nucleus

Answer 19

reg gonadotropic release, sex function in males

Question 20

Dorsomedial nucleus

Answer 20

regulates BP, savage/aggression when stimulated

Question 21

Paraventricular nucleus

Answer 21

regulates release of vasopressin, oxytocin, and CRH from posterior pituitary

Question 22

Fornix pathway

Answer 22

connects hippocampus to mammilary bodies

Question 23

Mammilothalamic tract

Answer 23

mammilary bodies –> ant nuclues of thalamus –> Papez circuit

Question 24

Stria terminalis

Answer 24

connects amygdala to medial zone of hypothalamus

Question 25

Medial Forebrain Bundle

Answer 25

extends the entire lateral hypothalamic zone

Question 26

Supraopticohypophyseal tract

Answer 26

confucts neuronal fibers from supraoptic/paraventricular nuclei –> post pit (neurohypophysis)

Question 27

Tuberoinfundibular tract

Answer 27

arcuate fibers –> hypophyseal portal system –> anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

Question 28

Hypothalmospinal tract

Answer 28

paraventricular nucleus –> desc fibers to SC preganglion neurons

Question 29

periaqueductal gray (functions of the 3 diff columns)

Answer 29

implements behavior mode based on safe vs threat in environment (Dorsolateral/lateral columns evoke active coping to controllable threats) (ventrolateral column evokes passive coping to non-controllable threats)

Question 30

Amygdala

Answer 30

storage of emotional memories: integration of emotions, fear and memory ; give affective significance to visual stimuli; important for normal social interactions

Question 31

Anterior cingulate

Answer 31

emotion and motor function

Question 32

Posterior cingulate

Answer 32

visuospatial and memory function

Question 33

Hypothalamus

Answer 33

primitive emotional responses: fighting,feeding, fleeing, mating

Question 34

Frontal cortex

Answer 34

control over emotions, judgement calls, decision making, morality, compassion,

Question 35

Prefrontal Cortex

Answer 35

expression of self , ‘‘the world according to me” : personality,executive function, problem solving, etc

production and appreciation of art/beauty as an emotion

Question 36

Hippocampus

Answer 36

episodic memory = emotional memories, activated and inactivated by emotionality

laying down new memories

Question 37

Left vs right cerebral hemispheres

Answer 37

left: language dominant, decoding and analytics right: visuospatial dominant, larger context/meanings, understanding

Question 38

Wernicke’s area

Answer 38

posterior superior termporal gyrus for speech comprehension

Question 39

Broca’s area

Answer 39

posterior inferior frontal lobe for speech production and fluency

Question 40

Arcuate fasciculus

Answer 40

connects broca’s to wernicke’s for repetition speech

Question 41

Orbitofrontal cortex

Answer 41

contextual behavior, including emotions and memory\

personality, behavrious control, self awareness

lesion –> disinhibitions

Question 42

Medial Frontal Cortex

Answer 42

resiliency and adaptability

near mictruition center

Question 43

Somatosensory association cortex

Answer 43

stereognosis and graphesthesia

Right non dominant side : attention to the world (“map of the world”) complex motor planning, neglect

Question 44

Upper vs lower cortex

Answer 44

upper = external life (space, environ, present/future, goals)

lower = internal life (body, visceral sensation, memory, emotions, past)